STUDYING THE HABITS OF FISHES. II 35 



15. The embrace of the female by the male lasts for a fraction of a second, 

 during which a small number (probably 25 to 50) eggs are laid and fertilized. 



16. The female when released usually floats belly up for a moment, and in 

 all cases leaves the nest. She subsequently returns many times to the same 

 nest, or enters another nest, and on each occasion deposits a small number of 

 eggs. This continues until her eggs, laid in one nest or several, are all deposited. 



17. The sharp pearl organs on the head of the male are used as weapons, 

 while the smaller organs on his operculum and on the sides of his tail, together 

 with those on the dorsal surface of his pectoral fin, are used in retaining his 

 grasp of the female during the act of spawning. 



1 8. When the male has completed his nest he deserts it, and it rapidly 

 becomes covered with silt and not easily distinguished from the surrounding 

 bottom. 



19. The eggs hatch within the nest, and the young make their way out 

 through the chinks between the stones. 



20. The nests of the horned dace are of advantage to the species in afford- 

 ing protection to the eggs against sediment and against the attacks of the 

 smaller carnivorous fishes. 



21. The nests of the homed dace are often destroyed by the nest-building 



activities of other dace and of other species of larger minnows {Campostoma 



anomalum, Hybopsis kentuckiensis) , and the eggs are frequently attacked by 



fungus. 



LITERATURE CITED. 

 Carbonnier p.: 



1869. Rapports et observations sur raccouplement d'une espfece de poisson de Chine. Bulletin 

 de la Societe d'Acclimatation, Paris, ser. 2, t. vi, p. 40S-414 



1869-70. [Behavior of Macropodus viridauratus] Ibid., July, 1869; Jan., 1870. Paris. 



1870. Nouvelle note sur un poisson de Chine appartenant au genre Macropode. Ibid., ser. 2, 

 t . VII, p. 26-32, I woodcut. 



1872. [Spawning habits of Carassius auratus.j Comptes rendus de I'Acad^mie des Sciences 



de Paris, p. 1 127. 

 1872a. [Habits of Macropodus.[ Bulletin de la Soci6t6 d'Acclimatation, Paris, ser. 2, t. xix, 



p. 7-14. 



1874. Le fondule (Fundula cyprinodonta Cuv,). Ibid., ser. 3, t, i, p. 665-671. (See below 

 under Gill, igo6.) 



1875. Nidification du poisson arc-en-ciel (Colisa=Trichogaster fasciatus) de I'lnde. Comptes 

 rendus de I'Academie des Sciences de Paris, t. lxxxi, p. 1136-1139. 



1876. Nidification du poisson arc-en-ciel d'lnde. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation, 

 Paris, ser. 3, t. in, p. 11-22. Translation, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, 

 vol. XVII, p. 172-175. 



1876a. McEurs des poissons; le gourami et son nid. Comptes rendus de I'Academie des Sciences 

 de Paris, t. Lxxxiii, p. 1114-1116. Also, Bulletin de la Soci^t^ zoologique de France, i" 

 ann^e, p. 213-215. Translation, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, vol xix, 

 p. 274-276. 



1876b. Le gourami et son nid. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation, Paris, ser. 3, t. in, p. 

 836-846. 



