246 BRITISH BIRDS. 



and upper tail-coverts olive-brown ; lores and indistinct narrow super- 

 ciliary dirty pale buff ; ear-coverts golden-buff more heavily tipped 

 and edged with dark brown than in the Juvenile Plumage ; moustachial 

 stripes formed by pale buff feathers with triangular terminal markings 

 of brownish-black ; cheeks pale golden-buff tipped with small brown- 

 black spots ; chin cream ; upper-throat pale buff with variable amount 

 •of very dark brown triangular spotting ; lower-throat and upper-breast 

 pale golden-buff heavily marked with very dark brown fan-shaped 

 terminal spots ; lower-breast and belly dull white sparsely spotted with 

 smaller roundish or pear-shaped, very dark brown markings ; flank 

 feathers with a buffish base and larger, less distinct and rather paler 

 brown, oval or pear-shaped spots (the edges of the feathers give the 

 whole a slightly olivaceous-buff tinge) ; under tail-coverts white with 

 broad brown or bufhsh-brown edgings to the basal three-quarters of 

 the feathers ; tail, primaries and secondaries and the (unmoulted) outer 

 half of the greater coverts as in the Juvenile Plumage (but slightly worn), 

 the inner (new) half clove-brown, the outer webs washed with golden- 

 brown and with small pale tips ; median coverts clove-brown, with 

 ochreous or golden-buff triangular tips ; lesser coverts clove-brown. 



N.B. — As the season advances the golden-brown tinge on the wings 

 and the ochreous tips to the inner two secondaries and the golden-buff 

 tips to the greater coverts become partly worn off. 



First Summer-Plumage. Acquired by abrasion and 

 fading of the feathers. 



The whole of the tipper-surface, except the head, has a slightly 

 greyer tint, and the golden-buff of the under-parts becomes paler and 

 the spots more sharply defined and rather paler brown ; the golden- 

 brown tinge on the wings and the golden -buff tips to the median and 

 greater coverts, and the tips of the inner two secondaries become paler 

 and almost obsolete. 



Adult Winter-Plumage. Acquired by a complete moult 

 and cannot always be distinguished from the First Winter- 

 Plumage, except where in some examples in First Winter- 

 Plumage there are some unmoulted greater coverts with mesial 

 streaks. 



Adult Summer- Plumage. Acquired in the same manner 

 as the First Summer- Plumage and usually cannot be dis- 

 tinguished from it. 



REDWING. Turdus iliacus, L. 

 male and female. 

 Down-Plumage. Pale buffish white. Distribution — Inner 

 supra-orbital, occipital, humeral, spinal, ulnar. 



Juvenile Plumage. Acquired while in the nest, the 

 Down-Plumage being completely moulted. 



Whole head and hind-neck clove-brown ; mantle and scapulars brown 

 with an ochreous tint, the feathers having dark tips and cream- 



