324 BRITISH BIRDS. 



coverts, outer half as in Juvenile Plumage, but the tips are slightly 

 worn ; inner half brownish-black ; median and lesser coverts brownish- 

 black. 



FEMALE. Whole of upper-parts dark umber-brown, there being an 

 olivaceous tint on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lores dusky, and 

 above them a faint dusky line ; ear-coverts dark brown with whitish 

 shafts ; chin dull white ; cheeks and upper-throat dull white, with mesial 

 streaks and broad tips of dark rufescent-brown to the feathers (heavily 

 marked on the former, more scanty on the latter) ; lower-throat and 

 breast rufescent-brown, the feathers with variable and not pronounced 

 dark tips shading off to dusky-grey towards the belly ; belly dusky-grey, 

 with pale edgings to the feathers, shading off to slate-brown On the 

 vent ; flanks slate-brown, with a rufescent tint ; under tail-coverts 

 slate-brown ; rectrices, remiges and primary-coverts as in the Juvenile 

 Plumage ; greater coverts, the outer ones (usually outer half) as in the 

 Juvenile, but the tips slightly worn ; the inner ones, which are new, 

 olivaceous-brown ; median and lesser coverts olivaceous-brown ; under 

 wing-coverts and auxiliaries dusky-grey, with a faint rufescent tinge. 



N.B. — Great variation in the amount of rufescent and dark markings 

 on the underparts exists in the female. 



First Summer-Plumage. Acquired by abrasion and 

 fading. 



MALE. Resembles the First Winter-Plumage, but the brown edgings 

 to the feathers where jDresent on the upper and underparts is worn off, 

 and the remiges and coverts are a shade paler. 



FEMALE. Resembles the First Winter-Plumage, but is a shade 

 paler on the underparts, remiges and coverts. 



Adult Winter-Plumage. Acquired by a complete moult. 



MALE. Whole of upper and undersurface glossy black ; remiges, 

 all the coverts and rectrices blacker than in First Winter-Plumage. 



FEMALE. Differs from First Winter-Plumage in having the whole 

 of the upperparts darker, and the dark markings on the upper-throat 

 mostly lacking the rufescent tinge ; the lower-throat and breast on the 

 whole darker and not so rufescent ; the grey of the belly darker ; 

 flanks lacking the rufescent tinge and being dark slate-brown, with an 

 olivaceous tinge ; the rectrices, remiges, median and lesser coverts 

 blacker, and all the greater coverts darker olivaceous-brown. , 



N.B. — There is very great variation in the markings on the under- 

 parts in shape, definition and number. 



Adult Summer-Plumage. Acquired by the same processes 

 as the First Summer-Plumage. 



MALE. Differs only from the Adult Winter-Plumage by the edges 

 and tips of the feathers being worn and by the remiges and rectrices 

 having a browner tint. Differs from the First Summer-Plumage by 

 the darker remiges and rectrices and by all the coverts being black. 



FEMALE. The breast is slightly less rufescent than in Winter- 

 Plumage and differs from the First Summer-Plumage in the same 

 points as Adult Winter-Plumage does from First Winter-Plumage. 



