CO]^TE]:^TS 



I. Race and language 5 



Early attempts to determine the position of the American race 5 



Classifications based on physical type, language, and customs 6 



Relations between physical type, language, and customs 7 



Permanence of physical type; changes in language and culture. . 8 



Permanence of language ; changes of physical type 9 



Changes of language and type 10 



Permanence of type and language ; change of culture 10 



Hypothesis of original correlation of type, language, and culture 11 



Artificial character of all classifications of mankind 14 



II. The characteristics of language 15 



Definition of language 15 



Character of phonetics 15 



Number of sounds unlimited 15 



Each language uses a limited number of sounds 16 



Alleged lack of differentiation of sounds in primitive languages. . 16 



Brief description of phonetics 18 



Unconsciousness of phonetic elements 23 



Grammatical categories 24 



Differences in categories of different languages 24 



Limitation of the number of phonetic groups expressing ideas 24 



Grammatical processes 27 



Word and sentence 27 



Stem and affix 33 



Discussion of grammatical categories 35 



Nominal categories 36 



Gender 36 



Plural 37 



Case 38 



Tense 39 



Personal pronouns 39 



Demonstrative pronouns 40 



Verbal categories 41 



Interpretation of grammatical categories 43 



III Classification of languages , 44 



Origin of dialects 44 



Comparison of distinct languages 45 



Mutual influences of languages 47 



Phonetic influences 47 



Grammatical influences 48 



Lexicographic influences 49 



Origin of similarities; by dissemination or by parallel development. . 50 



3 



