BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 41 



Thouse away from the speaTcer. The Kwakiutl must express this idea 

 in one of the following six forms: 



The (singular or plural) house visible near me 



invisible near me 



visible near thee 



invisible near thee 



visible near him. 



invisible near him, 

 while the Eskimo would express a term like this man as 

 This man Jiear me 



near thee 



near him 



behind me 



in front of me 



to the right of me 



to the left of me 



above me 



below me, etc. 



Verbal Catef/orles 



We can follow out similar differences in the verb. In our Indo- 

 European languages we have expressions signifying persons, tenses, 

 moods, and voices. The ideas represented by these groups are quite 

 unevenly developed in various languages. In a great many cases 

 the forms expressing the persons are expressed simply by a combina- 

 tion of the personal pronoun and the verb; while in other cases the 

 phonetic complexes expressing personal relations are developed in 

 an astonishing manner. Thus the Algonquian and the Eskimo possess 

 special phonetic groups expressing definite relations between the 

 subject and object which occur in transitive verbs. For example, in 

 sentences like / striJce thee, or They striJce me, the combination of the 

 pronouns / — thee, and they — me, are expressed by special phonetic 

 equivalents. There are even cases in which the indirect objects (as in 

 the sentence, / send Mm to you) may be expressed by a single form. 

 The characteristic trait of the forms here referred to is, that the 

 combined pronoun can not be reduced to its constituent elements, 

 although historically it may have originated from combinations of 

 separate forms. It is obvious that in cases in which the development 



