96 



BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[boll. 40 



cially, either in its method of formation or in its sound, from English s. 

 The sonant z does not occur except when preceded by d. There are 

 no interdental, labio-dental, or bilabial spirants except the rounded 

 palatal spirant, hw, M, discussed above. 



The affricatives are tc^ dj^ ts, dz, and Z. The first two are formed by 

 a ^-like closure and explosion, followed by a spirant through a passage 

 formed by a horizontally wide and vertically narrow constriction along 

 the middle of the hard palate near the first and second molars. The 

 second pair, ts and dz, are formed nearly as in English, in the dental 

 position, through a rather round passageway. It is probable that 

 there are three members of each series, the sonant, the aspirated 

 surd, and the f ortis surd. The aspirated anterior palatal surd usually 

 has a u tinge and has been written tciv. The fortis is indicated by tc. 



The nasals are three in number — the palatal, dental, and labial. 

 The palatal nasal is very frequent in its occurrence, especially in the 

 final position in the word. It is accompanied by more or less nasality 

 in the preceding vowel. 



The only liquid is the lateral one 7, which does not differ in any 

 considerable degree from English I either in the manner of its making 

 or its sound. 



The continuants may be represented as follows: 



There are in Hupa nine vowel-sounds and two semi-vowels, 

 may be represented as follows: 



They 



y, h t', 



e, a, 



^, 0, 



w 



§2 



