BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 99 



There are in Hupa several morphological elements which seem to 

 have only the initial consonant fixed. Thi remainder of the syllable 

 depends upon the sounds which follow it. For example, the sign of 

 the third person singular (tc) has the following forms: 



tcellioul he is alwaj's Ij^ing down 

 tcuwesivaL he remained l3'ing down 

 tcissilwaL he is lying down 

 tcilloi^ he tied it 

 tchninitc he is breaking it off 

 tcinnesten he lay down 

 tcittesyai he went 

 tcuhqal he walked 



GRAMMATICAL PROCESSES (§§ 5-8) 



§ 5. Enumeration of Grammatical Processes 



Grammatical processes and syntactical relations are expressed by 

 means of the following methods: 



(1) Composition. 



(2) Changes in the phonetic character of the root. 



(3) Position in the sentence. 



§ 6. Composition 



The verbs of Hupa, and some of the nouns, consist of two or more 

 syllables, each of which has some rather definite meaning or points 

 out some particular relation. These elements do not express ideas of 

 equal rank and of like kind. Each may be replaced in turn by another 

 giving to the thought expressed a difi'erent character. The element 

 which by its displacement most completely alters the meaning may be 

 called the root. The word-parts which precede this root may be con- 

 sidered prefixes, and those which follow it suffixes. These prefixes 

 and suffixes fall into classes rather well marked as regards their office 

 in the expression of thought, and have a definite order in the word- 

 structure. 



These sound-complexes expressing complete thoughts might be 

 looked upon as sentences, which the}^ often are, and their constituent 

 parts as monosj^llabic words, but for the following reasons: First, the 

 individual parts, expressing definite ideas or relations, are not 

 always phonetic wholes capable of independent production. These 

 may be thought once to have had a more complete form, and to have 



§§5,6 



