106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



Acts attempted, but not succeeded in, have xom, an adverb, inserted 

 before the verb; while the successful attempt after several vain or 

 insufficient ones has -el suffixed to the verb. 



§ 18. Place and Direction 

 Direction and place, both relative and absolute, are expressed in 

 Hupa with much exactness. A number of prefixes, occupying the 

 first place in the verb, indicate the direction of the movement 

 expressed or implied by the verb. The place, initial and ultimate, is 

 also indicated by prefixes as being on the surface of the earth, on 

 some surface higher than the earth, in the fire, on or in the water, or 

 in the air. By means of demonstratives, and adverbs formed from 

 demonstrative elements, added exactness as to location is expressed. 

 For that which is in sight and can be pointed to, the demonstratives 

 ded and haided, and the adverb of place, dl^'kyun, are employed; for 

 the first-mentioned or more remote of two, haiya or liai is used; 

 while that which is still more remote is referred to by yd and lialyd^ 

 and the most remote of all by yen. 



§ 19. Person 



The distinction between the person speaking, the person spoken to, 

 and the person or thing spoken of, is made by means of the personal 

 pronouns. The signs of the subject incorporated in the verb are not 

 all to be connected with certainty with the independent pronouns. 

 The pronouns for the first two persons seem to be different in some 

 particulars from those of the third person, which also classify the 

 objects or persons to which they refer. Taking with this fact the fre- 

 quent absence of an}^ sign for the subject or the object in the third 

 person of the verb, it seems probable that originally there were per- 

 sonal pronouns only for the first and second persons, and that demon- 

 stratives were used for the third person. 



DISCUSSION OF GRAMMAR (§§ 20-88) 

 Nouns (§§ 20-27) 

 § 20. Structure 



The nouns of the Hupa language, when classified according to their 

 formation, fall into five classes: 



(1) There are many monosyllabic nouns, for the most part the 

 names of common material objects and elements. These words are 



.§§ 18-20 



