112 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



transitive verbs, is shown; and also whether the act or state is one and 

 definite in time, or repeated and continuous. B}^ the suffixes wliich 

 follow the root, the action is further limited as to its time, continu- 

 ance, or likelihood. 



PREFIXES (§§ 30-37) 



§ 30. Classification of Prefixes according to their Position and Significance 



The prefixes employed in the verb have a fixed order, in accordance 

 with the class of ideas they express. They may be classified as — 



(1) Adverbial prefixes, first position. 



(2) Adverbial prefix, second position. 



(3) Deictic prefixes, third position. 



(4) First modal prefixes, fourth position. 



(5) Second modal prefixes, fifth position. 



(6) Pronominal prefixes, sixth position. 



(7) Third modal prefixes, seventh position. 



§ 31. Adverbial Prefixes, First Position 



These are adverbial prefixes showing the position of persons or 

 things at rest, and the place, limit, or origin of motion. The most 

 important of these follow: 



1. ya- (1) is used of the position of one sitting, of picking things 



up from the ground, and of motion wholly or parth^ through 

 the air, as the carrying of objects and the flight of birds. The 

 primary meaning seems to be in the air, above the surface of 

 the ground. 



ymvin^a he was sitting 162.11 (definite, class I, conjugation 1 h; 

 § 54; «a to be in a position) 



yawvn^an he picked up a stone 342.1 (definite, class I, conjuga- 

 tion 1 5, § 54; ^an to transport several round things) 



yaioiLkas he threw up 96.3 (definite, class II, conjugation 1 h; 

 § 64; has to throw) 



yawinen he carried it {wen to carry) 



2. ya- (2) seems to have the meaning of the object being reduced to 



many pieces. 



yanaklsdimrtiillei she smashed it 152.16 {na- again, § 32; k-^ § 34; 



S-, § 35; -d^ 3d modal, after na- § 32, p. 116; mil- to throw 



several things; -el suffix, § 40) 

 yanalskll he split 142.3 {na- again, § 32; 5-, § 35; hil- to split) 

 §§ 30, 31 



