BOAST HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 121 



with the intransitive meaning; and l is connected with a transitive 

 force. Compare also Jcewintmi it stuck fast (said of a bird alighting 

 on pitch) and hewihian he put pitch on something. The ;i which in 

 the first of these examples precedes the root, seems to be a vestige of 

 a prefix of this order occurring in certain forms of the third person in 

 a class of verbs where usually none is present. 



In nearly every case in which l is present, required by the root or 

 not, a transitive force can be conceived for the verb, which is always 

 active. No prefix, or n shown above, is found with intransitive verbs; 

 but this is also true of a large number of transitive verbs. It is 

 noticeable, however, that the transitive verbs which do not require a 

 preceding l belong to those which, by the nature of the root, indicate 

 the character of the object. Certain roots are always preceded by t 

 or d (the third class), and certain others hy I (the fourth class). But 

 it is found that those without a sign, or with the sign 71 of doubtful 

 character, when changed to the passive, also take t or d. In the same 

 manner, verbs with l the surd, on becoming passive, change l to I the 

 sonant. 



On the basis of these prefixes the verbs have been arranged in four 

 classes: 



Class I has all intransitive and a certain class of transitive verbs, 

 and has no characteristic prefix, unless it be n. 



Class II is composed entirely of transitive verbs, and has l as its 

 characteristic. 



Class III contains the passives of Class I, and certain verbs not pas- 

 sive, but possibly with passive leanings. 



Class IV is composed of the passives of Class II and certain other 

 verbs which show the influence of some power outside of the apparent 

 agent. 



SUFFIXES (§§38-44) 

 § 38. Classification of SuflS.xes 



The sufiixes employed with verbs difi^er from the prefixes in that 

 their use is only occasional, while the prefixes are for the most part 

 essential to the meaning of the verb, and are employed with all its 

 forms. The suffixes are appended mostly to the present definite and 

 present indefinite tense-forms. Most of them have a temporal, modal, 

 or conjunctional force. 



§38 



