148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



The pronoun for the first person singular is hwe^ which serves for 

 both subject and object. All other Athapascan languages have a 

 word phonetically related to this. In Tolowa the word is ci; in Car- 

 rier, si; and in Navaho, cl. The plural of the first person is nehe. 

 It may be used of the speakers when more than one, or of the speaker 

 and the person spoken to- Instead of hwe and nehe^ longer forms 

 {hmeen and nelieen) often occur. These seem to be formed by the 

 addition of the particle en^ which points to a person, contrasting him 

 with another. 



The second person singular is wm, and the plural ndhin. 



It is probable that originally there was no personal pronoun for the 

 third person, its place being taken by the demonstratives and by incor- 

 porated and prefixed forms. In speaking of adult Hupa, when emphasis 

 is required xdn occurs. This appears to be xo-^ the incorporated and 

 prefixed form, and en mentioned above. For the plural, yaxwen is 

 sometimes heard. 



§ HO. Possessive Pronouns 



Weak forms of the personal pronouns are prefixed to the qualified 

 noun to express possession. For the first and second person, hwe and 

 nin are represented by hw- and n-^ which are completed according to 

 the sounds which follow them. The first and second persons plural 

 are represented by one and the same syllable, no-, which may be pre- 

 fixed without changing its form to any noun. The third person sin- 

 gular has xo- prefixed when an adult Hupa is referred to, but w?- (receiv- 

 ing the same treatment as hw- and n- above), when the reference is to 

 a Hupa child or very aged person, or to a person of another tribe or 

 race. For animals and inanimate things, m- is also sometimes used, 

 but for the former Jc- seems to be more frequent. When the pos- 

 sessor of the object is not known, k- is also employed. 



A reflexive possessive is used where a chance for ambiguity exists. 

 The form is ad- of which d is the initial sound of a syllable completed 

 according to the sound which follows it. 



§ 81. Deinonstrafive Pronouns 



The demonstrative pronouns for the nearer person or object, which 

 must be in sight, are ded, haided, and haide, which do not differ in 

 meaning. The more remote object or person, whether in sight or not, 

 is referred to by yd or haiyo. Still more remote is yow, which is 

 employed of places rather than of persons. 



§§80,81 



