150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY I bull. 40 



common initial, yl-, which may after all be connected with the pro- 

 noun yd. The final elements are: 



-nuk south or up stream -tsln west or down a hill 



-de^ north or down stream -maTt the opposite side of a 



-diik east or up a hill stream or the ocean 



Besides the demonstrative source already mentioned, many adverbs 

 are formed from nouns, adjectives, and verbs by means of suffixes 

 indicating place, time, and manner. Some of these suffixes are the 

 following: 



-din and -tcin (place) -lea and -;?(?, -iix (manner) 



-dun and -din (time) 



§ S5, ^ost-positions 



The post-positions not only follow the nouns which they limit, but 

 they are joined to pronominal prefixes which stand for the limited 

 noun whether it be expressed or not. The most important post- 

 positions follow: 



-a for, for the benefit of -nat around 



-e^ in -xa after 



-edin without, lacking -xuts beside 



-an out of -ta^ among 



-u under, near -tis over 



-ye at the foot of -tuk between 



-winna around, encircling -Tca^ -Tcai along 



-wun toward or from -tcirl toward 



-Ian with the help of ' -tcina in front of 



-lal^ on top -ka, -Icai after, following 



-L with -Jcya away from 



-7ia after -Icftt on 



-nah in the presence of 



§ 8(i. Conjunctions 



The conjunctions in Hupa seem to be made from demonstratives, 

 or adverbs derived from demonstratives. The}' usually end with the 

 syllable -un. For examples compare the following: 



haiun 



haiyaL haiyadetc 



haiyaLun ■ and 

 haiyamiL 

 haiyamlLun ■ 

 §§85,86 



haiyahitdj itun ^ , , 



