164 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdll. 40 



language. Phonetically, at least, the divergence between the Skide- 

 gate and Masset dialects of Haida is much greater than that of the 

 various Tlingit dialects. 



Although they must be treated as entirely distinct stocks, Tlingit, 

 Haida, and the languages of the interior Indians, or Athapascan, 

 may be classed in one morphological group. The two former agree 

 in the order which the processes and usuall}^ the words themselves 

 observe, although it is not imperative in Tlingit, as in Haida, that 

 the verb should stand at the end. The two also resemble each other 

 in expressing location by means of a multitude of post-positions, or 

 particles with the aspect of post-positions ; but Tlingit is noteworthy 

 for its entire lack of locative affixes to the verb, as well as for extreme 

 punctiliousness in expressing the state of an action — as to whether 

 it is beginning, completed, in a transitory state, etc. In spite of 

 these peculiarities and the fact that there is very little lexical 

 similarity, several processes present such striking similarities that, 

 in conjunction with the morphological agreement, an impression is 

 given of a more intimate former relationship. 



PHONETICS (§§ 2, 3) 



§ 2. Sounds 



The following table gives Tlingit phonetics arranged so as to show 

 the inter-relationships of sounds : 



Semi- 

 Sonant Surd Fortis Spirant Nasal vowel 



Labials - - - - - w 



Dentals d t t! (s) n - 



Sibilants - s c s! - - - 



Affricatives,s series ... dz ts ts! _ _ _ 



Affricatives, c series ... dj tc tc! _ _ _ 



Anterior palatals .... - - Ic'! - - - 



Palatals gg I: k! xy - y 



Velars - q q! x - - 



Laterals l l lj I - - 



Breathing % 



Vowels: u (or o), u (or o), a, a {d under the accent), I (or e), i (or e). 



Many of these also occur in Haida, to the account of which lan- 

 guage the student is referred; but the I and n of the latter language, 

 along with the entire labial series, except iv, are wanting, although m 

 appears in a few words imitating natural sounds and in words intro- 



§2 



