174 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, 40 



4. da- is employed sometimes with words meaning to say or tell, 

 when it seems to indicate an indirect object. 



duka'yiiyen ye daycdduqa^ his brothers-in-law spoke to him thus 

 {du- his; ka'niyen brothers-in-law; ye thus; da- indirect object; 

 ya- [§ 15.3]; du- [§ 17.3]; qa to say) 



§ 15. FIRST MODAL PREFIXES 



1. cu- usuall}^ stands before all other prefixes, and indicates that the 



action of the verb is total, applying to all of the people or 

 objects involved. 



qot cu'waxlx they had been all killed off 



yade' x-tak^ canaxl'xawe when these two years were over {ya- 



these; dex two; ^aA'^'year; mi- totally; na- at the same time when 



[§ 17.5]; xlx to finish; awe when) 

 axode yaqd' cunagu't he was leading all these men among them {a 



indefinite pronoun; xode among; ya demonstrative; qa man; 



cu- totalh' ; na- at the same time when [§ 17.5]; gu- to go; -t pur- 

 pose [§20.1]) 

 ye yen hA'sdii, cuq! a'wadja thus there them all he told {ye thus; 



yen there; hAsdu them; cu- totallj^; q!ayi[\t\i mouth [§ 14.1]; 



wa- verbal prefix [§ 18.2]; dja to tell) 

 KtksA'dt qot cu'waxix the KiksA'di were all lost {qot wholly; 



cu- totally; wa- verbal prefix [§ 18.2]; x!x to finish) 



This prefix appears to be used also as a post position. 



Axcu'dl yaqo'x come over to me {ax me; cu entirely; -di to; ya- 

 verbal prefix [§ 15.3]; qox to go by water) 



2. ha- indicates causation, and performs the functions of a causative 



auxiliary. 



ax daq qoka'odziha' she caused a hole to be in it b}' digging {ax 

 literallj^, from it; daq shoreward, or into the earth; qo- indefinite 

 verbal prefix [§15.6]; ka- causative; o- verbal prefix [§17.2]; 

 dzi- verbal prefix [§ 18.6]; ha stem) 



JiAsdudaka' q! kaodu' iPiya nu hen a large fort was caused to be 

 lowered down on them {JiAsdu them; daka'q! out on; ka- to 

 cause; o- verbal prefix [§ 17.2]; du- verbal prefix [§ 17.3]; Li- 

 verbal prefix [§ 18.5]; o^u fort; Len large) 



yidA'tsqoe'tc ylwAckaqlo'kotc ka'oslnex when did your cheek-flesh 

 cause a man to be saved? {yidA'tsqoetcy^hQn] yi your; i^^c cheek; 

 kaq.'okotc flesh, with intensive sufiix; ka- to cause; a- verbal 

 prefix [§ 17.2]; st- verbal prefix [§ 18.1]; nex to save) 

 §15 



