BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 217 



kinds of objects, regardless of their form; consequently there are 

 also only a few cases in which the verbal stem differs in the singular 

 and plural. This agrees also with the fact that in the noun the idea 

 of plurality is only weakly developed. It occurs only in terms of 

 relationship and a few other terms designating human beings. 



§ 10. Personal Pronouns 



Verbs are strictly distinguished as active and neutral. Neutral 

 verbs are, on the whole, those designating states of the body and 

 qualities, while all other verbs are considered as active. The subject 

 of the latter is expressed by the subjective pronoun, while the pro- 

 nominal relations of the neutral verb are expressed by the objective 

 pronouns. In the pronoun the speaker, person spoken to, and 

 person spoken of, are distinguished. The distmction between sub- 

 jective and objective forms is confined to the first and second persons 

 singular and to the first person plural. Besides these forms, an 

 indefinite singular and plural occurs. The indefinite personal pro- 

 nouns are also commonly used before nouns to perform the functions 

 covered by our definite and indefinite articles. The personal pronoun 

 of the third person plural is also frequently used as an equivalent to 

 our passive. It is also employed as an equivalent to the form for 

 the third person singular, when the person referred to is especially 

 venerated or respected. The speaker may refer to himself in the 

 same way. 



§ 11. Demonstrative Pronouns 



The demonstratives are limited in number, the most general sp'atial 

 relations only being indicated. The demonstrative employed to mark 

 nearness occurs very often, and corresponds to a similar demonstra- 

 tive in the Tlingit language. There are certain other particles of a 

 demonstrative character, but they more often indicate grammatical 

 connection than spatial relations. 



§ 12. Connectives 



Special local relations are expressed by a long series of connectives 



which are in intimate relation with the verb, but also with the noun 



and pronoun. They characterize the special relation of the indirect 



object to the verb. They are placed preceding the direct object and 



following the indirect object, if there is one. They seem to be 



adverbial in character. 



§§ 10-12 



