BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 261 



§ 30. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns 



The essential demonstrative elements are a and wa, which are often 

 used alone; but there are also several demonstrative adverbs com- 

 pounded from these, such as the following: 



d'djxua over here (near by) wa/nAn farther off! 



wa'djxua over there (at some a'ms this region, etc. 



distance) wd'nis that region 



d'gusa here d'lgid this way 



wd'gusa there wa'gui that way 



d'si, ald'fi' , alsl' this thing d'LgAn right here. 



Interrogative pronouns are all built upon three stems by means of 

 suffixes. These stems are gl or gls where? gus what? and gasi'n 

 WHY? or HOW IS IT? and the two former may be related to the con- 

 nectives gl and gu (§ 31). Who? appears to be formed b}^ adding 

 the connectives stA and hao to gl, making gl'sto (literally from where 



ARE YOU?). 



Other variant interrogative pronouns are built upon the stems in 

 a similar manner: gl'sget, glsi'staJiao, gi'LgA7i, where; gu'su, gu'sgiao, 

 WHAT?; gasi'nd, gasi'nhao, gasi'riL.'ao, why or how? Gus is often 

 duplicated into gu'gus. The 8 which occurs throughout most of 

 these forms very much suggests the interrogative particle {so) in 

 Tlingit, and is one of the features which suggest community of origin 

 for the two languages. These interrogatives and the indefinite 

 pronouns are also used in place of our relatives; the indefinite l in 

 conjunction with gu {iaju) being frequently so employed. 



Modifying Stems (§§31-33) 



As already stated, this group of stems includes post-positions, 

 conjunctions, adverbs, and interjections. They may be most con- 

 veniently classed as — 



(1) Connectives 



(2) Adverbs 



(3) Interjections and expletives 



§.?/. Conneetives 



These are a series of words used to bind together the various parts 

 of a sentence and also to connect sentences, and they thus perform 

 the functions of our prepositions and conjunctions. It is evident, 

 from the manner in which they are employed, that they depend very 

 closely upon the verb, and in some cases they are quite essential 



§§30,31 



