BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 265 



§ 32. Adverbs 



The position which adverbs take in the sentence, and their use in 

 general, connect them closely with connectives. Both are subordi- 

 nated to the verb in the same way, and the only difference lies in the 

 fact that an adverb does not refer to a substantival modifier of the 

 verb so directly as does a connective. The fact that adverbial 

 modifiers sometimes do refer to such a substantive {Ua' , sa, etc.) 

 shows how close the relationship is. The simpler adverbs are the 

 following : 



i'sin (Masset i'sin) again, also di'da landward 



Ua' differently qld'da seaward 



yen truly sa up, above 



ye' Ilk lien very much si'nAn snuffling 



hawl'dan quickly gua (interrogation) 



Tiayi' h instead gAm, not 



TiAn (Masset Mn) like, as fol- xAn (Masset hAn) still, yet 



lows XAngian answering, in reply 



JialgunAn closer Lan complete, ended 



Jiit.'AgA'n (Masset liitlA'n) hla however 



then la (imperative adverb) 



Tiina'n only Ihan a little 



A second set of adverbs is formed by means of xau, which has very 

 much the force and function of the English adverbial ending -ly. 

 Such are: 



wa'lARXAn really 



Jia'oxAn still 



de'ixAn carefully 



Jcu'nxAn still more 



Tcia'xAn outside 



Lgua'nixAn aimlessly, traveling at random 



Many ideas expressed in English by adverbs are rendered in 

 Haida by a noun, or its equivalent, and connective: 



qia'gui northward or to the north 



djaxui' seaward, toward the mouth of the inlet 



qalgui' up-inletward, or toward the head of the inlet 



tadjxua' toward the rear of the house 



Ikia'gua toward the door of the house 



sgo'lAgi to the right 



SLd'angi to the left or leftward 



§32 



