300 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



rules can be given in regard to the order in which particles of this 

 group are arranged among themselves. The use of some of these 

 particles with nouns is quite frequent. 



The second series leads us to the extensive group of modal adverbs, 

 many of which occur both with nouns and verbs. These gradually 

 lead us to others, the prevailing function of which is a nominal one. 



I have combined in a small group those that have a decidedly 

 denominative character. 



There is another small group that is used to transform nouns into 

 verbs, and expresses ideas like to make, to partake of, to say. 



It will be recognized from these remarks that a classification neces- 

 sarily will be quite arbitrary and can serve only the purpose of a 

 convenient grouping. 



§ 8. Local JParticles appearuiff in Pairs 



1. hax- up along the ground (Tsimshian: hax,-). 



hax-id' to go up, singular 142.8 



hax-qa! 6(1' En to finish taking up 209.2 



hax-sg'e' trail leads upward (literally, to lie up) 



ha,e-d6'(2 to take up several 208.8 

 We find also — 



hax-id' L ak's water rises (literally, goes up) 

 Tsimshian: 



hax-wa'lxs to go up hill 



bax-gE'^wa to haul up 



2. iaga- down along the ground (Tsimshian: ylaga-). 



iaga-sg'l' trail leads downward (literally, to lie downward) 

 iaga-ie' to go down 137.5 

 iaga-sa'h'sh'^ to go down (plural) 29.9 



Tsimshian: 



y!aga-gd'° to go down to 



y ! aga-do' X to take down 



niEn~ up through the air (Tsimshian: man-). 



mEii-g'a'ask^ to look up 214.2 



inEii-dd' uLt he went up through the air 95.4 



mEri'g'ihd'yuh to fly up 126.9 



rnEn-Lo'o to go up, plural 42.8 



Id-niEn-hivan to sit in something high up, plural 34.1 {Id- in; 



hwan to sit, plural) 

 m.En-do'x to be piled up; (to lie up, plural) 164.13 

 mEn-gd'od to finish taking up 95.10 



§8 



