BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMEEICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 443 



beginning, gradual, continued, repeated, uncertain, simulated, etc. 

 Many of these suffixes express the subjective relation of the mind of 

 the speaker to the event. This is also true of the demonstrative suf- 

 fixes indicating position in relation to the speaker, and visibility or 

 invisibility. These, however, must be classed with the syntactic par- 

 ticles which will be found treated on pages 527 et seq. To the suffixes 

 expressing subjective relation belong those expressing the source of 

 subjective knowledge — as by hearsay, or by a dream. Quite numer- 

 ous are the suffixes expressing ideas like "much," "little," "admira- 

 bly," "miserably," "surprisingly." I am under the impression that 

 all these have primarily a subjective coloring and a high emotional 

 value. Thus, the ending -dze large is used in such a manner that 

 it conveys the impression of overwhelming size, or the subjective 

 impression of size, while the word ^wa'las expresses size without the 

 emotional element; -xol indicates the entirely unexpected occurrence 

 of an event and the surprise excited by it. The latter example shows 

 that the subjective character of these suffixes may also be used to 

 express the relations of a sentence to the preceding sentence. In a 

 sense, -xol is a disjunctive suffix. As a matter of fact, these suf- 

 fixes are used extensively to express the psychological relation of a 

 sentence to the preceding sentence. They indicate connection as 

 well as contrast, and thus take the place of our conjunctions. 



§ 12. Classes of Words 



The classification of suffixes here given shows that a division of 

 words into verbs and nouns has taken place, both being fairly clearly 

 distinguished by suffixes. We find, however, that syntactically the 

 distinction is not carried through rigidly; nouns being treated with 

 gTeat ease as verbs, and verbs as nouns. It must be added here that 

 the forms of the pronouns as attached to the noun and as attached 

 to the verb are distinct. Since the psychological relation of sen- 

 tences is included in the process of suffix formation, conjunctions are 

 absent. For this reason, and on account of the verbal character of 

 most adverbs, there remain only few classes of words — nouns, verbs, 

 and particles. 



There is no clear classification of nouns into groups, although the 

 grammatical treatment of nouns designating human beings and of 

 those designating other objects is somewhat different, particularly in 

 the treatment of the plural. The noun-forming suffixes, mentioned 



§12 



