BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 445 



fundamental idea of an approach to a certain concept without its 

 reaHzation. In all these cases the reduplication is combined with the 

 use of suffixes which differentiate between diminution, imitation, and 

 endeavor. 



§ 15. Pronominal Ideas 



In the pronoun the three persons of speaker, person addressed, and 

 person spoken of are each represented by formal elements. It was 

 stated before that the inclusive and exclusive form of the first person 

 plural are distinguished, and that both are probably derived from the 

 first person singular. This means that these two forms are not con- 

 ceived as plurals. It was also stated that the second and third 

 persons have no pronominal plural. 



The demonstrative is developed in strict correspondence with the 

 personal pronoun; position near the speaker, near the person ad- 

 dressed, and near the person spoken of being distinguished. These 

 locations are subdivided into two groups, according to visibility and 

 invisibility. The rigidity with which location in relation to the 

 speaker is expressed, both in nouns and in verbs, is one of the funda- 

 mental features of the language. The distinction of proper nouns 

 and common nouns, and that of definiteness and indefiniteness — 

 similar to that expressed by our articles — is expressed by a differ- 

 entiation of form of these demonstrative elements. 



The possessive pronoun has forms' which are different from those 

 of the verbal pronouns, and by their use verb and noun may be 

 clearly distinguished. 



§ 16. Syntactic Relations 

 The fundamental syntactic categories are predicate, subject, object, 

 possession (which is closely related to instrumentality), and finality 

 (which is closely related to causality and conditionality) . In other 

 words, the syntactic cases, nominative, accusative, genitive (possess- 

 ive or instrumentalis) , finalis (causalis), may be distinguished, while 

 all local relations are expressed in other ways (see § 11). Verbal sub- 

 ordination is expressed by means of forms which are closely allied to 

 these nominal cases. Verbal co-ordination is expressed by verbal 

 suffixes, and thus does not belong to the group of syntactic phenomena. 



§ 17. Character of Sentence 



The contents of the Kwakiutl sentence are characterized primarily 

 by an exuberant development of localization. This is brought about 



§§ 15-17 



