528 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



is subdivided into two forms, according to visibility and invisibility. 

 Therefore we must add to the five forms given before the following 

 forms of the third person: 



Demonstrative of 1st person, visible. 

 Demonstrative of 1st person, invisible. 

 Demonstrative of 2d person, visible. 

 Demonstrative of 2d person, invisible. 

 Demonstrative of 3d person, visible. 

 Demonstrative of 3d person, invisible. 



On the whole, the syntactic functions of the pronominal elements 

 which are added to the verb — as subject, object, instrumental, final, 

 causal — are determined by certain syntactic elements that precede 

 them. The subject has no specific character; the object has -q, the 

 instrumental -s-. The finalis is always characterized by q, the 

 causal by qa-. The two last-named forms are evidently closely 

 related. The objective character -q is found only in the third person 

 and in its demonstrative development; and the instrumental is also 

 regularly developed only in the third person. Subject, object, and 

 instrumental coalesce with the verb to a unit, and appear in the 

 order here given. For instance: he strikes him with it is expressed 

 by the combination strike — he — him — with-it, where the short 

 dash indicates that the equivalent in Kwakiutl is a single element, 

 while the long dash indicates phonetic coalescence. 



When nouns with or without possessive pronouns are introduced 

 in the sentence, they are placed after the syntactic and pronominal 

 elements which indicate their functions. In these cases the phonetic 

 coalescence of the syntactic and pronominal elements with the pre- 

 ceding part of the verbal expression persists, but the pronouns are 

 phonetically separated from the following nouns. We find, for 

 instance, the sentence the man struck the boy with the stick 

 expressed by struck — he — the man — him — the boy — with-it — 'rtiE 

 STICK. The separation between the pronoun and the following noun 

 is justified only by the phonetic character of the sentence. In reality 

 the whole seems to form one verbal expression. The pronoun and 

 the following noun can not be separated by any other words. The 

 pronoun may, however, close the sentence, and thus perform the 

 function of a nominal demonstrative. In a few cases it may be 

 separated from the verbal expression; namely, when a number of 

 subjects, objects, or instruments are enumerated. 



§-17 



