BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 545 



These periphrastic forms take the place of the object of the first 

 person inchisive and exchisive (p. 536) . They are also preferred when- 

 ever the verb has both pronominal object and instrumental. Then 

 the periphrastic form generally takes the place of the object. The 

 verbal character of these forms appears with great clearness when the 

 verb is la to go, since in this case the verb is directly composed with 

 the object, and thus replaces the locative, with which it is identical. 

 The objective form is also used for all determinations of time. 



lie give' g'ilaxa ga'gEnuLe he did so every night 249.24 {he that; 

 gwe'g'ila to do so; -a;a[obj.]; ga'nuL night) 



§ G2» Causality 



Causality is expressed by the element qa, which is treated as though 

 it were a verbal stem that might be translated by to be the cause 

 OF. This stem does not lose its terminal a. It takes pronominal, 

 prenominal, and possessive forms, just like other verbs. 



d'laEl lE'ng'aa qae's La'la it is said, he longed really the cause 

 is his (= on account of his) sweetheart 23.12 {d'la really; 

 -^Za quotative ; I E'ng-aa to long; za'Za sweetheart) 

 da^niEn) lE'ng'aa qa^s I long on account of 3'ou 25.1 

 qaes wd'ldEmos on account of your words 285.42 

 laE'mHae ^yd'x'SEine nd'qa^yas Klwek.'waxd'^wa^e qaes ^iiEmd'^^we 

 then the mind of K ! wek Iwaxa'^we^ was bad on account of his 

 friend 291.34 {la auxiliary verb; -sm and; -Ha it is said; 

 ^yd'x'SEmha^d] nd' qe^ nrvmX; ^riEino'li^ hiexnX) 

 qag'in wd'ldEmLik' on account of this my future word 115.31 

 qao'xda motslaqex on account of these four sticks 139.22. 



§ 63, Finality 



Closely related to the causalis is the expression for finality. This 

 form seems to occur only in nominal construction analogous to the 

 third person demonstrative of the possessive causalis, from which it 

 differs in the same way as the forms for visibility differ from those 

 for invisibility. The set of forms is — 



1st person qEn — a 



Inclusive ...... qEns — a 



Exclusive ...... qsnu^x — a 



2d person qa^s — ads 



3d person qa — as (possessor different from 



subject) 

 3d person ...... qa's — a (possessor and subject the 



same) 



44877— Bull. 40, pt. 1—10 35 . §§62, 63 



