boas] handbook of AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 569 



Here may also be mentioned the loss of terminsfl x and x', which is 

 characteristic of Upper Chinook, in many Lower Chinook forms. 



Kathlainet Chinook 



imo'lEkuTnax imo'lEJcuTtna elks 



tqa'hEmax t.'d'LEma creeks 



md'Lnix' md'Lne seaward 



Other characteristic changes are from Upper Chinook t to Lower 

 Chinook s, as in — 



Kathlamet Chinook 



tqa'totinikc tqd'sosinikc boys 



anixEnEmo'txem anix' EnEmo' sx' sm I fooled him 



and from Upper Chinook s to Lower Chinook td. 



Kathlamet Chinook 



e'mas e'matct shame 



ano'suwulxt ano'tctuwulxt I went up on the water 



§ 7. Laws of Vocalic Harmony 



When a u vowel precedes a Ic sound, and the Z: sound is either fol- 

 lowed by a vowel or is a prefix, it must be followed by a vowel of the 

 u- series. The following special cases may be distinguished: 



(1) An obscure vowel following the Jc sound is transformed into 

 short u. 



a'pzHJie bow dgu'pLlike my bow (with prefix 



-gE- my [I 18]) 



(2) a following a Jc sound is transformed into o or u. 



ikld'ckc boy ok'.o'ckc girl 



ikam'm canoe oJcunl'm canoes 



(3) An e sound following a Ic sound requires a u before the e sound. 

 aLge'pxate alder country ogue'pxate' alder-bark tree 

 L^d'gil a woman d^d'guil the woman 



(4) If the Tc sound is a prefix, it is considered as a phonetic unit 

 and an o is inserted following the Ic sound, even if it is followed by 

 a consonant. 



nd'xLxa she begins to burn no'xoLxa they begin to burn 



e'Tctcxam he sang d'hdtcxam they sang 



The following examples show that the rule does not hold good in 

 consonantic clusters that form a stem. 



atco'htcktamit he roasts her oqct louse 

 (stem -ktckt) 



