588 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 40 



§ 25, Adverbial Prefixes 



A number of adverbial ideas — particularly those defining the rela- 

 tion of the verb to the object, and corresponding to some of our prep- 

 ositions' — are expressed by prefixes which follow the pronouns. The 

 adverbial character of these elements appears in forms like — 



a-q-e' -l-gi-tk somebody placed him near by {a- transitional; q- 

 some one; e- him; -I- to; -gi- eliminates one object [§ 26.4]; 

 -tk stem TO place) 



The verbal idea is to place near, and the form is purely transitive. 

 The same construction appears clearly in — 



a-L-g-i-gE'l-tcxEvn it sings for him 260.17 (a- transitional; l- it; 

 -g- post-pronominal [§ 19.1]; i- him; -gsl- on account of; 

 -tcxsm TO SING shaman's song) 



These examples show that the prefixes do not belong to the objects, 

 but that they qualify the verb. Following is a list of these prefixes: 



1. ~l- TO, FOR. 



L-af-l-o-c it was to (in) her 71.6 (x- it ; a- her; -I- to ; -o- directive ; 



-c stem TO be) 

 a-c-k-L-e'-l-o-TcL they two carried it to him 29.9 {a- transitional; 



c- they two; -^- post-pronominal [ § 19.1]; i-it; e-him; -Z-to; 



-o- directive; -Tcl stem to carry) 

 The third person plural of the pronoun, when preceding this -1-, 



has the form o (§ 21). In this case the -I- changes to -e- 



(§9.1), and the o is then weakened to w. 



a-g-t-a-w-e' -m-aku-x they distributed them to (among) them 

 246.10 (a- transitional; g- somebody; t- them; (-a-) probably 

 connective; -w~ for o- them; -e- for -I- after o; -m stem to 

 HAND [ ?] ; -ako about ; -x usitative) 



2. -II- IN, INTO. 



a-tc-a-LE-n-gafn-ait he threw her into it 173.6 {a- transitional; 

 tc- he; a- her; l- it; -n- into; -gEU stem to place changed to 

 gdn on account of accent [§ 5. 26]; -ait to be in position) 



s-a'-n-'po-t she closed her eyes 47.18 {s- they two; a- her; -n- in; 

 -po stem to close; -t perfect) 



3. -A> ON. 



a-L-g-o'-tx she stands on it 191.20 (a- she; l- it; -g- on; -o- 



directive ; -tx stem to stand) 

 a-LE'-n-ka-t-ka it comes flying above me (a- transitional; Lis)- 



it; n- me; -k(a)- on; -t- coming; -ka stem to fly) 

 §25 



