592 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



and the intransitive -ki-, on the other hand, do not sesm to occur as 

 stems that can be used with pronominal elements alone. 



Attention may be called here to the analogy between the prefixes 

 -gEl- and -(jEm and their reflexives -xeI- and -XEm- (§ 25) and the two 

 forms -ki- and -x-. However, since -ki- never occurs with following 

 directive -o- or -a-, while -x- appears frequently combined with it, 

 this analogy may be due to a mere coincidence. 



It would seem that the directive -o- is always retained after 1-, and 

 sometimes after -gsl-, -gEm-, -xeI-, -xeiti-, but that it never occurs 

 with other adverbial elements. 



§ 27, Verbal Stems 



The verbal stems are either simple or compound. It was stated in 

 the preceding section that what we called the prefixes -t- and -o- 

 may be stems expressing to come and to go. There are a number of 

 verbal stems which appear with great frequency in composition, and 

 almost always as second elements of verbal compounds. All of these 

 express local ideas. They are: 



(1) -ya motion out of. 



(2) -p/ motion into. 



(3) -widxt motion up. 



(4) -tcu motion down. 



(5) -LX motion from cover to open. 



(6) -vtck motion from open to cover. 



W« find, for instance — 



n^e'-t-p! he comes in 211.18 (-t toward speaker; -p! motion into) 

 a-L-o'-pa he goes out 46.8 (-o- directive; -pa motion out of) 

 ^-l-.-L-d'-kct-ptck she carries it up from the beach 163.11 {-kct- to 



carry; -pick motion from open to cover, especially up from 



beach) 

 a-n-o'-td-wulxt I travel up in canoe {-tct motion on water; -wulxt 



motion upward) 



There are a few cases in which these verbs appear in first position 



in the compound verb. 



n-e'-Lx-Lait he goes to the beach and stays there {-lx motion 

 from cover to open, especially from land to sea; -Lait to stay) 



Compounds of nouns and verbs are much rarer. 



a-tc-a-i-nE-mo'k !-^oya-kd he makes her (the breath) in his throat 

 be between; i. e., he chokes him (-ii- in; -mok- throat; -^oya 

 to be between; -ako around) 

 §27 



