638 BUREAU OF AMEKICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



§ 52, Adverbs Derived from Tritransitive Verbs 



Particles used as adverbs have been mentioned before. It has also 

 been stated that numeral adverbs are formed from both ordinal and 

 cardinal numbers by the suffix -e. This is also used with intransitive 

 verbs, the adverb being formed from the masculine third person 

 singular. 



iu'hqat it is long; iu'Lqte long 



e'nata the one on the other side ; e'natai on the other side 



Diminutive and Augmentative Consonantism (§§ 53-54) 



§ 53. JDftnifiutive afid Auf/tnenfative Consonantism in 

 Wishratu (by Edivard Sapir) 



Very characteristic of Wishram, as also without doubt of all other 

 Chinookan dialects, is a series of changes in the manner, and to some 

 extent in the place, of articulation of many of the consonants, in 

 order to express diminutive and augmentative ideas in the words 

 affected. This peculiar process of "consonantal ablaut," though 

 perhaps most abundantly illustrated in the case of the noun, is exem- 

 plified in all parts of speech, so that it has almost as much of a 

 rhetorical as of a purely grammatical character. Of the two series of 

 consonantic changes referred to, that bringing about the addition to 

 the meaning of the word of a diminutive idea is by far the more 

 common, an actual change to augmentative consonantism hardly 

 being found outside of the noun. The main facts of consonantic 

 change may be briefly stated thus: To express the diminutive, non- 

 fortis stopped consonants become fortis, the velars at the same time 

 becoming back-palatals (the treatment of velar stops, however, seems 

 to be somewhat irregular) ; c and its affricative developments tc and 

 tcl become s, ts, and ts! {s seems sometimes to be still further " diminu- 

 tivized" to ts, ts to ts!, so that c, s, ts, ts! may be considered as repre- 

 senting a scale of diminishing values) ; x becomes x, in analogy to the 

 change of velar stops to back-palatal stops just noted; other con- 

 sonants remain unmodified. To express the augmentative, fortis 

 consonants become non-fortis (generally sonant) stops, no change 

 taking place of back-palatal to velar; s, ts, and ts! become respec- 

 tively c, tc, and tc! (in some few cases ts and tc affricatives become 

 dj, pronounced as in English judge, this sound not being otherwise 

 known to occur in Wishram); other consonants remain unmodified. 

 §§52,53 



