BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 643 



Non-diminutive Diminutive 



tcic cold {tslu'nus) a-itsd's just (a little) 



cool (Wishram Texts 190.15) 



ma'ca to spoil ma'sa to be ashamed 



gut to break up (earth) by Tc'.u'tklut to pluck 

 digging 

 Possibly also — 



wax to pour out wax to set on fire ; to bloom 



Iqlwp to cut Ik'.uj) to shoot 



The dual in is- is not the only example of a diminutive form of a 

 purely grammatical element. The diminutive stem -qlwa'lasup fast 

 RUNNING occurs witli possessive prefixes showing diminutive con- 

 sonantism. Thus the normal elements -tea- her and -cda- of them 

 TWO appear as -tsa- and -st.'a- in i-tsa-q!wa'lasup she runs fast 

 (Wishram Texts 66.9) and i-st.'a-qiwa'lasup they two run fast 

 (Wishram Texts 66.13). Similarly, in a song (Wishram Texts 94.23), 

 where the reference is to is-p.'i'ast tail of bulb, a noun of diminu- 

 tive form, the pronominal element cd- and the post-positive local ele- 

 ment -ha AT appear as st- ( ? better st!-) and -p!a. Thus : 

 staimapld' giskipH'ast it-alone-at the-my-tail 



Finally the verb may show diminutive consonantism, partly in the 

 stem itself, partly in its local and adverbial prefixes and suffixes, 

 partly and most frequently in its pronominal prefixes. Examples of 

 verb stems in distinctly diminutive form are not exactly common, 

 but certain cases seem clear enough. Thus gaqiulat.'a'-ulx he was 

 TOSSED UP (Wishram Texts 84.26) and gatciulat.'a'mElq he swal- 

 lowed him by sucking him in evidently contain a diminutive 

 form of the verb stem -lada- to throw away; silu'skwax it trem- 

 bles (Wishram Texts 116.10) and gasVxim'klna-uk'^atsk he looked 

 AROUND (Wishram Texts 30.6) show diminutive consonantism both 

 in their stems {-skw- and -Tdna-u-) and in their first incorporated 

 pronominal objects (dual s-), the latter verb also in its adverbial 

 suffix -tsk, doubtless the diminutive form of -tck up from position 

 OF rest; gats(s)altsgi'ma he laid her belly up (Wishram Texts 

 56.27) shows diminutive consonantism in both stem {-tsgi) and 

 incorporated pronominal subject (-fe-) and first object (dual -s-). 



We have already given -tsk as an example of a derivative suffix 

 with diminutive consonantism. Other such suffixes are -p!a slightly 

 OUT (of position) (from -ha out) in ayulapla'tcguxwida it will tilt 

 UP, literally, it will spontaneously move out up from its sitting 



§.53 



