646 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHiSTOLOGY [bull. 40 



the process does not seem to have been very clear in the mind of 

 my sole informant, Charles Cultee, while my only Clatsop informant 

 considered changes of this type as distinguishing characteristics of 

 the Chinook and Clatsop dialects. For instance: Clatsop, e'cElqcslq; 

 Chinook, e'sElqsElq porcupine. 



The most characteristic case that I have found in Cliinook is the 

 following : 



itsa' antca-y-ogo'lal the waves are too bad (too great) 



itsa'antsa-y-ogo'lal the waves are a little bad 



I have also : 



e'cgan cedar i-sgE'nEma young cedars 



It is, however, worth remarking that this plural occurs with the 

 particle — 



gE'uEm isgE'nEma small young cedars 

 without strengthening of the g of gE'uEm. An examination of the 

 texts and explanatory notes collected from Cultee makes it fairly 

 certain that he did not use the diminutive changes of stops in Lower 

 Chinook. 



It seems possible that a relation like that between c and s may 

 exist between l and ts. 



ia'qoa-iL large id'qoa-its small 



id'hqat long iu'tsqat short 



l!ex to split large planks ts.'EX to split small pieces of wood 



Lxoa'p to dig tsxoa'p to gnaw 



In Kathlamet I have found one very clear case of consonantic 

 change, analogous to those found in Wishram: 



IcsEmm taxi tJclund'tEmax o'xoaxt small are those little salmon 98.8 

 (Kathlamet Texts) 

 Here the s in JcsEmm indicates smallness, and tguna'tEmax salmon 

 has been changed to tJclund'tEmax. 



Syntax (§§55-56) 

 § SS. Siptfax of Loivev Chinooh 



In the discussion of the morphology of the verb it has been shown 

 that every verbal form contains incorporated pronominal represent- 

 atives of the subject, and of the direct and indirect objects when 

 these occur. Nominal incorporation is almost entirely absent. The 

 nominal subject and the object are treated as appositions, with- 

 out any organic connection with the sentence, except in so far as the 



§55 



