boas] handbook of AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 649 



In most cases transitive and intransitive ver})s are used in the 

 ordinary manner, but a number of i)eculiar forms of expression de- 

 serve mention. The directional -o- (§ 26) occurs in many transitive 

 and intransitive verbs. When, however, a stism, according to its sig- 

 nificance, is transitive, it may be made intransitive either by means 

 of the prefix -H- (§ 26), which brings about elimination of an object, 

 or by the use of reflexive forms. Which of these forms is used depends 

 in part on usage. In some cases the two forms are used for express- 

 ing different tenses . Thus i-ke'-x (i- he ; -Tee- prefix eliminating obj ect ; 

 -X to do) signifies he is, the continuative tense, n-e'-x-a-x (n- modal; 

 -e- he; -x- reflexive; -a- directive; -x to do) signifies he becomes, 

 the transitional tense. The manner of eliminating objects has been 

 discussed before (§ 26). It seems, however, desirable to call atten- 

 tion here to the frequent use of implied objects and to the peculiar 

 intransitive verbs with indirect objects which occupy a prominent 

 position in Chinook sentences. Implied objects occur frequently with 

 verbs implying the use of parts of the body, as 



aiksa'pEna it jumped (literally, it jumpetl the two [feet]) 9.6 

 atkclntsna' xe they kneel (literally, they kneel them two) 270.6 

 sd'npot she closed her eyes (literally, they two were closed in 



her) 48.10 

 They occur also with other verbs: 



niELnEltcd'ma you will comb me (literally, you will comb it 



[namely, the comb] to me) 

 atca-id'lqEtnax he shouted at him (literally, he shouted her 



[namely, the shout] at him 236.9) 

 ariLe'ltckd I oil him (literally, I oil it [namely, the oil] to him) 



Intransitive verbs with indirect object are used often in place of our 

 transitives. These forms also contain often implied objects. 



ne'nxLayu he deserts me (literally, he removes himself from me) 

 ayaxE'lHomEqt she forgets him (literally, he on account of her 



forgets his own) 167.16 

 ninxE'lgiLX I burn him (literally, he catches fire from me) 

 STiEnpd'xuit I close my eyes (literally, they two are closed in 



me) 



mcageW etd-e you cure her (literally, you cure on account of 



her) 



Subordinate modes are not indicated in Chinook by changes in 



the form of the verbs. Subordination of sentences is indicated only 



by conjunctions which are followed by the usual verbal forms. The 



§55 



