fiOAS] HANDBOOI^ Of AMEEICAH INDIAN LANGUAGES 651 



defining material case relations (cliiefly local and instrumental). As 

 most such relations can be expressed by means of local and adverbial 

 prefixes and suffixes in the verb, the denominating parts of speech 

 being in apposition to incorporated pronominal elements, this use of 

 postpositions must be considered as un-Chinookan in origin ; the fact 

 that some of the postpositive particles are phonetically identical with 

 corresponding Sahaptin case suffixes proves the whole process to be 

 borrowed from the neighboring Sahaptin linguistic stock. As a rule 

 such postpositive particles are used with denominating parts of 

 speech (nouns, pronouns, adjectives), but some of them may also be 

 suffixed to predicating words (verbs, particle verbs); in the latter 

 case the predicate is to be considered as substantivized syntactically, 

 though not morphologically, and is used subordinately to another 

 predicate. Wishram thus utilizes its postpositions to some extent 

 in the building up of subordinate clauses. Where a noun or other 

 denominating part of speech has been already represented in the 

 verb by an incorporated pronominal element, its relation to the verb 

 and to other nouns in the sentence is necessarily already defined, so 

 that no postposition is necessary; even here, however, it not infre- 

 quently happens that a postposition is pleonastically used (compare 

 such English possibilities as ''He entered into the house"). If a 

 noun is modified by a preceding attributive word (demonstrative 

 pronoun, numeral, noun, or adjective), the postposition is used with 

 the modifying word. The postpositions, with examples illustrating 

 their uses, are listed in the following paragraphs: 



1. -ha {-j)a) IN, AT. With this element should be compared Yakima 

 -pa IN. Examples illustrating its use with nouns and pro- 

 nouns occur with very great frequency, so that only a few 

 need here be given. 



ciTcxa'-imat ci't'.ix yak^cxa'tpa half of it lies in his mouth 4.3^ 

 gaklakxa' -ima ilk'.a'ckac akni'mha she put the child in the canoe 



2.11 

 atgadi'mama da'uyaba wi'lx they will come in this land 6.17 

 gayu'yam ixtpo' vMx he arrived at one land 6.28 

 itcqxE'niEm axqxatcpa I am sick in my breast 12.27 

 gatci'upmt it'.o'xwatckpa he hid it in the bushes 18.25 

 galu'ya yaxTca'ha he went up to him 20.10 (one can also say 



galiglu'ya he went to him with local prefix -gsl-) 



1 References are to Wishram Texts. 



§56 



