674 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



itclE'xyan.^^ Qxa'damt" gayu'y"'^'' ikni'm^" na'wit g-atcigE'lg-a" 



Merman. Whither it went the canoe straightway he got hold of it 



itclE'xyan; gatciulatla'raElq*** ka'nawi^^ dan.^^ "Nait!'^^ a'g'^'^ 



Merman; he always swallowed it down every thing. "Me too now 



atcnutatla'iiiElEqEma,"^^ isklu'lya galixlu'xwa-it.^* Aga kwo'pt 



he will swallow me down," Coyote he thought. Now then 



gayu'y' isk!u'l3'a; gatcigE'lga j^ag'ai?'^ ikla'munaq.^^ Aga kwo'pt 



he went Coyote; he got hold of it its tigness the tree. Now then 



12 id- = 3d per. pi. noun prefix, in concord with -t- in preceding verb. -Ixam (-E- is inorganic) = noun 

 stem VILLAGE {wi'lxam village is formally masc. sing, of idE'lxavi people); -Ixam is evidently 

 related to -Ix (see note 33). 



13 i- as in note 5. -tc.'Eiyan = noun stem merman, protector of fishermen (see Wishram Texts, p. 40, 

 note 2; p. 42, note 2; p. 256, note 2); no etymology suggests itself. Syntactically itclE'xyan is subject 

 Implied, but not grammatically referred to, by q- of preceding verb. This clause can hardly be considered 

 as quite correct; properly speaking, itc.'E'xyan should go with tctulat.'a'mElqt. 



n From interrogative stem gia- (or qa-), seen also in qa'iba what-in? = where? qa'xia of what 

 KIND? and qa'ngi what-with? = how? -davit = local suffix toward found sufHxed to several 

 adverbs (cf. ca'ialadamt toward above, gigwa'ladamt toward below). This -damt is evidently 

 related to local noun sufBx -iamt to, from. Qxa'damt here introduces indirect ciuestion, and may best 

 be translated as no matter where. 



15 = gayu'ya. Final vowels are regularly elided when following word begins with vowel. For analysis 

 of form, see note 4. 



16 i- as in note 5. -knim = noun stem canoe. This stem can be only secondarily monosyllabic, for 

 otherwise we should have * wiknim (see note 33); its Chinook cognate -kanlvi shows original dissyllabic 

 form. See also note 37. 



17 ga- = tense prefix as in note 4. -tc- = 3d per. masc. tr. subj., referring to following itc.'E'xyan as sub- 

 ject, -i- = 3d per. masc. tr. obj., referring to iknl'm of preceding clause as object. -gEl- = verb prefix of 

 adverbial force^ toward (with purpose, intent to reach); it here replaces directive -m- of most transitive 

 verbs, -ga = verlj stem to get hold of , seize; it is possibly to be identified with verb stem -170 stick to, 

 its particular active significance being gained by use of transitive pronominal prefixes and verb prefix -gEl-. 



18 ga-tc-i- as in note 17, -i- here referring to following dan. -u-lat.'a'-mElq as in note 11. 



19 ka'nawi all, every is most probably compounded of kana- all together (found in such numeral 

 forms as ka'nactmokct all-the-two = both and, with unexplained -to-, in kanEmlu'nikc all three 

 PEOPLE) and old 3d per. masc. demonstrative pronoun *wi (cf. note 6) now no longer preserved as such 

 (except in such petrified words as loi'tla and ka'nawi), but specialized, like its corresponding fern, wa-, 

 as 3d per. noun prefix (see note 33). These old pronouns *wi and *wa are best explained as substantivized 

 from pronominal elements -i- (masc.) and -a- (feni.) by means of demonstrative element w- (or u-); this 

 latter element is probably identical with -u- in demonstrative stem da'u- this (found also as da-; see 

 note 54), and with Chinook -o- in demonstratives near 3d per. (x-oia, x'dcta, x-ota). ka'naioi must origi- 

 nally have meant something like all (of) that (masc), but, like wi't.'a, was later generalized in signifi- 

 cance, ka'naici is here, as often, rhetorically lengthened to ka'nawi to emphasize its meaning of totality. 



2» Interrogative and indefinite pronoun referring to things, what, anything, something. Though not 

 provided with any sign of gender, it is always construed as mascuhne, hence -i- in gatciulat.'a'niElq. Its 

 correlative can ( Kathlamet Lan) referring to persons, who, anybody, somebody, is always neuter in 

 gender; he swallowed everybody down would be gatclulat.'a'mElq ka'nawi can. 



21 Elided from na'it.'a (see note 15). Composed of 1st per. sing, pronominal stem nai- (seen also in na'- 

 ika I) and emphatic suffix -t.'a too, also (see note 6). All independent pronouns in -ka can be changed 

 to emphatic pronouns by merely replacing -ka by -t.'a (e. g., ya'ika he becomes ya'xt.'a he too). 

 Syntactically na'it.'a here anticipates -n- in following verb (see note 23) as 1st per. sing. obj. 



22 = a'ga (see note 15). This particle is very frequently used before future verb forms in conversation. 



23 a- = tense prefix of future time, -tc- = 3d per. masc. tr. subj. -n- = 1st per. sing. tr. obj. -u-lat.'a'- 

 mElEq- as in note 11 (-E- before -q- is inorganic). -Em- = connective before future suffix -a; verbs that are 

 continuative or frequentative in form regularly use this connective -Em- before certain suffixes (such as 

 future -a, cessative -tck, usitative -nil), -a = tense suffix of future time; in Wishram verbs regularly form 

 their future by prefixing a- or al- (before vowels) and suffixing -a. It is somewhat diflicult to see why this 

 form should be frequentative; one would rather except atcnulat.'a'mEgwa. 



2^ ^ai-j- as in note 9. -x- = reflexive element; literal translation of verb would be (TO) himself thought. 

 -lui(w)- = verb stem to think, -a-it = verb suffix of rather iincertain significance here; itisfoimd in all 

 tenses of verb but present, where it is replaced by -an {ixlu'iwan he thinks). 



25 ya- = i-ya-. i- = masc. noun prefix, determining gender of noun stem -gail. -ya- = 3d per. masc. 

 possessive pronominal prefix, referring to masculine noun ik.'a'munaq. -gail = abstract noun stem big- 

 NES.s. yagail ik.'a'munaq the tree's bigness may, like all other possessive constructions, be construed 

 either attributively (the big tree) or predicatively (the tree is big). Its attributive character is here 

 determined by presence of true verl) (gatcigE'lga) as predicate. 



2'5 1- as in note 5. -k.'a'munaq = noun stem tree, stick, wood. This word is difficult of etymologic 

 analysis, yet can be no simple stem; -k.'a- is imdoubtedly to be regarded as noun prefix (cf. ik.'a'lamat 

 rock, perhaps from verb stem -la to move), -k.'a- is most plausibly considered as "diminutive" form 

 of verb stem -ga- to fly, up in air (as first element in compound verbs); cf. itciukliva'la he whetted it 

 with j?cJ'Mfa he filed it, and :7Uugwala'da-ulx 1 threw it up on top (of something) with iniula'da-ulx 

 I threw it up. 



