BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 675 



La'x" gali'xox.^^ GatcigE'lga itclE'xyan, craqiulatla'mElEq.^" 



insight he made him- He got hold of merman, they (iiidef.) swallowed 



self. him him down. 



Na'wit iltcqo'ba^" gi'gwaP^ isklu'lja galixi'maxitaai^^ wi'lxba.^^ 



straightway in the water below Coyote he arrived falling on the ground 



Aga kwo'pt gatcugi'kEl"'* Jgabla'd'^'^ idE'lxam; igabla'd^*^ akni'm" 



Now then he saw them their multitude the people; their multitude the canoes 



axu'xt^^ kwo'ba^^ gi'gwal iitcqo'ba. Aga kwo'pt gatcigE'lkEp" 



they are there below in the water. Now then he .saw it 



piled together 



isklu'lya itclE'xyan yago'iuEnii^^ qxwoL^^ iki'ax.*^ Aga kwo'pt 



Coyote Merman his heart hanging it is. Now then 



2' Particle verb. Though verbal in force, it is purely adverbial morphologically, having no grammatical 

 form of its own. In regard to tense and person it is defined by following verb, which serves as its form- 

 giving auxiliary. 



28 gal-i- as in note 9. -i- = reflexive element. -6- (modified from -«- because of preceding and following 

 velar consonants) = directive prefix; ordinarily reflexive -i- replaces directive -u-, but there are several 

 verbs that retain it even when reflexive in form, -i = verb stem to do, make, -x-u-x to do to one's 

 SELF, MAKE ONE'S SELF, is regularly used to mean become. For other forms of verb stem -x see notes 

 43, 53, 64, and 66. 



-^ ga- as in note 4. -q- = indefinite tr. subj. -i- = 3d per. masc. tr. obj. -u-lat!a'-mElEq as in note 11. 

 Forms with indefinite -q- subject are very commonly used in Wishram in lieu of passives. 



30 ii- = 3d per. neut. noun prefix, -t- = inorganic consonant, serving as glide between I and c. -cq6- 

 (= -cqa-; a is velarized to 6 by preceding q) = noun stem water ; its shorter fonn -cq- is seen in Icta'cq 

 THE WATER OF THE TWO (Wishram Texts 190.14). -6a = local noim suffix in, at (see also notes 33, 

 39, and 60). 



31 Adverb; -al is probably not part of stem, for it is found also in correlative ca'x-al above. 



32 gal- as in note 9. -('- = 3d per. masc. intr. subj., referring to preceding isklu'lya. -xima- = verb stem 

 TO PUT DOWN, PUT ON GROUND, LAY DOWN (as tr.); LIE DOWN (as intr.); probably composed of -i- on 

 GROUND(?) and -ima- put (cf. ga-ya-x-a'l-ima-lx he put himself into the water [Wishram Texts 2.5]); 

 whenever indirect object with -fc- on is introduced, -x-ima- becomes -la-ima- (e. g., ga-k-l-a-k-xa'-ima 

 SHE laid it down ON IT [Wishram Te.xts 2.11]). -lit = quasi-passive suffix; -x-ima-xit- = be laid down, 

 lay one's self DOWN, FALL DOWN TO GROUND, -am = Verb suffix arrive iNG (cf. note 8). 



M wi- = 3d per. masc. noun prefix; masc. noun stems that are non-syllabic or monosyllabic require wi- 

 (cf. note 55); those that have more than one syllable have i- (see notes 5, 13, 16, 26); for probable origin of 

 wi- see note 19. In Chinook wi- has entirely given way to i-, except as archaism in some place-names 

 and in songs, -/x- = noun stem land; seen also in wi'liam village, idE'lxam people (see note 12); 

 probably also in wa'lxi fishing station and icE'lxlx staging for fishing. -6a as in note .30. 



34 ga- as in note 4. -tc- = 3d per. masc. tr. subj. -u- = 3d per. pi. obj., referring to following idE'lxam 

 (before verb prefix -gEl- 3d per. plural obj. -t- is replaced by -u-, -gsl- then becoming -g(w)i-; in other words, 

 -t- before gEl- is treated analogously to when it comes before -gEl-). -gi- = plural form of -(?£/- (see note, 

 40) OUT FROM ENCLOSED SPACE (cf. ga-l-a-g E' l-ba it flowed out of h'ek [Wishram Texts 94.4]); analo- 

 gously to -gEl- (see note 17) directive -u- is here replaced by -gEl-. -ksl = verb stem to know (cf. l-k-d-u'- 

 kulHE KNOWS them [Wishram Texts 176.10]); -gEl-kEl = to know from out one's (eyes), hence to 



SEE, GET sight OF. 



35 2- = 3d per. neut. noun prefix, defining gender of abstract noun stem -blad. -ga-= 3d per. pi. pos- 

 sessive pronominal prefix, referring to ids'Zxam. -6tod = noun stem multitude, great number. Igabla'd 

 idE'lxam is construed like ya'gail ik.'a'munaq (see note 25). 



36 As in note 35, except that -ga- = .3d per. fem. possessive pron. prefix (merely homonymous with -ga- 

 of note 35), referring to akni'm. 



3' a- = 3d per. fem. noun prefix; though many fem. dissyllabic stems have wa- (e. g., wala'la pond), 

 it is here replaced by analogy of ikni'm (see note 16), as in related nouns i- and a-, wi- and wa- generally 

 pair off respectively, -knim as in note 16. logically akni'm canoes is plural, morpholoRically it is 

 fem., being so referred to in aiM'it (note 38); another example of fem. as plural is wa'mwa maggots, masc. 

 wi'mwa maggot. 



38 a- = 3d per. fem. intr. subj., referring to akni'm. -x- = verb prefix on ground, on bottom (?) -ti- — 

 directive prefix, -it = verb stem to lie, sit, be placed, corresponding in use to Chinook -c. This verb 

 stem allows of no formal modification by means of tense affixes. 



3" Composed of demonstrative stem kivo- (see note 3) and local suffix-6a (see note 33): that-in = there. 



i" As in note 34, except that incorporated obj. is -i- = 3d per. masc, referring to yago'mEnil, and that 

 •gsl- is mimodified. 



41 ya- = i-ya- as in note 25, i- defining heart as masc. in gender, while -ya- refers to itc.'E'xyan. -gomEnil 

 heart seems to be verbal in form, -Enil being usitative suffix; yago'mEnil may also be used predicatively 

 to mean he is alive. 



42 Particle verb, for which iki'ax serves as auxiliary. 



<3 i- = 3d per. masc. intr. subj., referring to yago'mEnil. -kiax to be is another tenseless verb (cf. note .38). 

 It is best, though somewhat doubtfully, explained as composed of verb prefix -ki-, which shows lack of 



