690 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



In the first two instances neither the noun nor the adjective can be 

 analyzed into components, as may be done in the case of several 

 other apparent instances of terminal reduplication. 



§ 7. IDEAS EXPRESSED BY GRAMMATICAL PROCESSES 



AND FORMS 



Nominal and verbal stems are, in all but a few cases, distinct. 

 There are a few nominal stems which also serve as verbal stems, but 

 the number of such instances is small. With few exceptions also, 

 the suffixes in use are confined strictly either to nouns or verbs. 



Local relationships and directive ideas are expressed by suffixes, 

 which are different for nouns or verbs. The nominal suffixes express 

 such ideas as in, out of, toward, from, in company with, etc. 

 The verbal forms point out the direction of motion; as, up, down, 

 along, through, etc. Instrumentality and agency are indicated in 

 the noun by suffixes, but in the verb by prefixes. In the latter, the 

 series includes terms designating actions performed by the various 

 parts of the body, by objects of different shapes, or the method of 

 action, as bj^ force or pulling, etc. 



The formal relations of the parts of the sentence are expressed by 

 nominal suffixes, in so far as the subject, object, and possessive rela- 

 tions are concerned. Modal and temporal ideas are also expressed 

 by suffixes; the latter in some cases, however, being so loosely con- 

 nected to the verb that they may at times stand alone or precede 

 the verb entirely. 



There are in Maidu no generic classifications of nouns, unless we 

 consider the half-dozen cases known, where a few nouns designating 

 human beings take regular dual or plural suffixes. These are the 

 only instances, however, of any such classification, for none is appar- 

 ent in the case of the few distributives. 



Ideas of plurality are but little developed in the noun. Here a dual 

 and plural, formed regularly, as in the pronoun, is found only for the 

 words woman, child, husband, and dog. Distributives as opposed 

 to plurals also occur with but few words. Indefinite plurals, express- 

 ing such ideas as a pile of, many, etc., and duals, are, however, 

 common, and are indicated in both cases by suffixes. In the pro- 

 noun, ideas of number are abundantly developed, there being a regu- 

 lar dual and plural. As will be seen from § 28, the dual and plural are' 

 quite regular in form, and are strictly used. Both the dual and plu- 



§7 



