714 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



The third person is in reality more a demonstrative than a true per- 

 sonal pronoun; but its use is predominantly that of a personal pro- 

 noun, and the corresponding demonstrative um this is not used in 

 either the dual or plural forms. As has already been pointed out, 

 these independent forms of the personal pronoun take all the locative 

 and instrumental suffixes, and are in every respect treated as 

 nouns. The personal pronouns also, in their independent form, 

 may take the suffix -wet{e), used chiefly with verbal stems in a par- 

 ticipial sense, but here giving forms like 



ni'wete I myself, I alone Tnb'nwete he alone 



In speaking of the development of ideas of number, the fact was 

 referred to, that there were two forms of the personal pronoun — one 

 independent and one suffixed to the verb. The two series show 

 little in common, except that the first person dual and plural are dif- 

 ferentiated in both series by the same vowel-change from a to e. 

 The suffixed forms are always subjective, and are suffixed directly to 

 the verbal stem or to the various modal, directive, temporal, and 

 other suffixes which the verb may have, the pronominal suffixes, 

 with few exceptions, always coming last. In the singular the 

 resulting forms are clear enough without the addition of the inde- 

 pendent form of the pronoun; in the dual and plural, however, these 

 are usually added, although here the first person is always sufficiently 

 distinct. When the sense of the sentence renders the person clear, 

 this independent pronoun is frequently omitted. The following 

 indicates the use of the pronouns with the intransitive verb: 

 m o'l"asi or o'T{:asi I am hungry 

 TYil oka'iikano or oka'nlcano thou art hungry 

 mbye'm oka'n or oka'n mbye'in he is hungry 

 nisa'm oka'nkas or oka'nkasi nisd'm we two are hungry 

 mi'ntsem oJca'nJcano or oka'nlcano mi'ntsem ye two are hungry 

 mo'tsom olca'n or oTcafn motsom. they two are hungry 

 nise'm olce'nkes or oJce'nJcesi nise'm we all are hungry 

 mi'nsdm olca'nJcano or oJca'nJcano mi'nsom ye all are hungry 

 mo'sem oka'n or oka'n nfio'seni they all are hungry 

 As will be seen from the above, the position of the independent 

 pronoun is variable, it being placed either before or after the verb at 

 will. It will also be seen that the suffixed form is by no means as 

 fully developed as is the independent. This condition is instructive, 

 when the forms in use in the other dialects are compared. It then 

 appears that in the northwestern dialect the suffixed form is rare, 

 §31 



