BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 715 



with the verbal stem, but is universally added to the auxiliary verb; 

 in the southern dialect the use of the suffixed form of the pronoun 

 disappears. It seems, then, that the northeastern dialect here pre- 

 sented, in the matter of pronominal usage, lies at the extreme, toward 

 the close synthesis of pronoun with verb, the northwestern being less 

 so, and the southern entirely without it. As the northeastern dialect 

 is in close touch with the Achoma'wi, which shows much greater devel- 

 opment of the incorporative idea, we may be justified in regarding 

 this greater development of synthesis between the verb and pro- 

 noun as in part due to association and contact. 



In the transitive verb, precisely the same conditions prevail. The 

 subjective pronoun, in the pronominal conjugation, is suffixed to the 

 verb in the northeastern dialect, the objective standing free and 

 independent. 



yo'-kas min I am hitting thee' 

 yo-a'nkano mmje' thou art hitting him 

 nisd'm min yd-a'nlas we two are hitting thee 

 mb'tsom nik yo'-kan they two are hitting me 

 yo-a'nkano nisaf thou art hitting us two 



With a nominal object, the method is the same: 



sil wo'notihas I am killing the dog 

 With a nominal subject, the pronominal suffix is always used: 



swn has mai'dil do'-kan the dog bit the man 

 For emphasis, it is customary to use, in the first and second persons 

 singular of the pronominal conjugation, the independent form in 

 addition to the suffixed; as, 



yo'-kas ni min I am hitting you 

 yo-a'nkano ml moye' thou art hitting him 



Just as in the intransitive the dialect here presented tends more 

 strongly toward synthesis between pronoun and verb than do any of 

 the other dialects, so in the transitive the same conditions prevail, 

 if anything, more strongl}^ marked, as both the other dialects have the 

 subjective as well as the objective pronoun entirely free and separate 

 from the verb which appears in a participial form. 



§ 32. Demonstrative Pronouns 



The demonstrative is not as highly developed in Maidu as in 

 many other American languages. But two forms are commonly 



§32 



