BOASJ HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 719 



in speaking of the stems of the second group; and as for the former, 

 all that can be said here is that it is the ordinary usage rather than 

 the extraordinary forms which should be given greatest weight. 



§ 39, Steins Taking no Suffixes^ or Otily Such as are 

 neither N^ominaJ nor Verbal 



Of stems taking no suffixes at all, there appear to be very few. 

 Interjections include the majority of such stems. A list of these 

 has been given in § 37. Except for these interjections, the only 

 other stem taking no affix is the simple conjunction l:an and. This, 

 moreover, although it may, and often does, stand independently, is 

 at times so closely connected with the noun as to be enclitic. 



Stems taking suffixes other than those taken by nouns or verbs 

 are few also and are only adverbial: 



hei (bei'him, hei'hb) again, also hu'lcoi still, yet 

 hei'duk by and by le'wo a little, partially 



A considerable number of adverbs are formed from adjectival 

 stems by the suffix -t; as, 



yahd'm good; yahd't well tete'm large, great; tete't much, 



greatly 



Adverbial ideas, however, such as can, must, perhaps, almost, 



WHOLLY, always, ctc, are expressed in Maidu b}^ suffixes added 



to the verb. 



§ -to. Stems Takitif/ Noniinal Safp.xes Onh/ 



These stems may be further subdivided into nominal, ])ronom- 

 inal, and adjectival stems. 



NOMINAL STEMS 



Maidu possesses a large number of true nominal stems showing 

 no relation at all apparently to verbal or other stems. Deriva- 

 tives formed from verbs exist in considerable numbers; but the 

 greater mass of nouns are derived from purely nominal stems. A 

 few examples of nouns derived from verbal stems may be given 

 before considering the nominal stems proper: 



M to smell; M'Jcu nose mai to speak; mai'dii Indian; 



ho to blow; ho' wo wind mai'lci boy 



In other instances noun and verb appear to be formed from the 

 same root; as, 



fio'ni heart Jio'nsiptsoia she breathed 



ho'nwe breath ho'nkodom coughing 



§§39,40 



