BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 743 



g a Z:-sound articulated in the same position as Ic. But tlie closure 

 is dull and sustained, with a pause between the stop and break, 

 leaving an acoustic effect of almost a medial sonant: afgw^ no. 



*it an outer Z:-sound like the one in Tceen, Iceej), Jcey. The articula- 

 tion is farther front than for Jc or g. The spiritus asper is 

 for a hiss of breath that escapes before complete closure: 

 i^'Jcwa'w"' woman. 



c like the voiceless sJi in she, shame, mash. The sibilant is made 

 with friction between the tongue and upper alveolar. The 

 opening is narrow, and the tip of the tongue is near the lower 

 teeth: cdsJc^ only. 



s a hissing surd articulated with the tip of the tongue against the 

 lower teeth. The air-passage is narrow and without stop: 

 wd'sesi'"' bull-head. 



tc like cJi in chill, cheap, church. The articulation is with the ridge 

 of the tongue behind the upper alveolar, wdiile the blade is 

 near the lower alveolar: tcl'stca"' or tcistca'^ heavens and 

 earth! 



t a pure dental surd articulated with the point of the tongue against 

 the upper teeth and with sudden stress : tete'pisd^w"' he whirls 

 round. 



d a dental articulated in the same place as t, but delayed and with 

 less stress. It leaves the impression of almost a voiced stop: 

 me'ddsw^ ten. 



't a dental surd differing from t only in the fact that an audible hiss 

 is expelled just previous to a full stop: me'HoJ' bow. 



I a lateral liquid sometimes heard in careless speech. It often 

 replaces the nasal n after u, a, and the dull a. The point of 

 the tongue articulates softly with the upper alveolar, the fric- 

 tion being so slight that the sound has much the nature of a 

 vowel. It is like I in warble: wd'higulu'°' for wdhigunu^^ 

 mouse. 



n not quite like the 7?, in English, the articulation being with the 

 point of the tongue at the base of the upper teeth: nl'n"- I. 



m a bilabial nasal consonant like m in English: mA'n^ this. 



p a surd like the sharp tenuis p in English ; it is made with complete 

 closure, and the stop usually breaks with a slight puff of 

 hre&th.ipyd'w'^ he comes. 



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