BOAsj HANDBOOK OP* AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES Y63 



these, the component parts occur rarely, if at all, independently; 

 and only some of those that appear in initial position in the verb are 

 capable of independent use. In this respect they appear as more 

 independent than the following component elements. On the other 

 hand, the latter are so numerous that it seems rather artificial to 

 designate them as suffixes of elements of the first group. There is 

 so much freedom in the principles of composition ; the significance of 

 the component elements is such that they limit one another; and 

 their number is so nearly equal, — ^that I have preferred to call them 

 co-ordinate stems rather than stems and suffixes. 



Accordingly I designate the component parts of words as — 



1. Initial stems. 



2. Secondary stems of the first order. 



3. Secondary stems of the second order. 



4. Co-ordinative stems. 



5. Instrumental particles. 



§ 16. INITIAL STEMS 



Initial stems are capable at times of standing alone, with the office 

 of adverbs. Some instances are — 



u'tc^ whence 

 i'c* hence 

 tAgw^ together 



Furthermore, an initial stem can enter into composition with only 

 a formative, and express an independent statement, though not 

 always with exact sense: 



u'tciw^ one has come from some place 



Two or more initial stems follow in a definite order: 



wd'pusd^w"' he begins to walk (wdpi- to begin [ initial stem]j -usd- 

 to walk [secondary stem]) 



wd' pipyd'tusa'w"- he begins to approach on the walk {pyd- move- 

 ment hither [ initial stem between wdpi- and -usd-; -t- § 8]) 



wd'pipydtcitete' pusd^w" he begins to approach walking in a circle 

 {tetep- movement in a circle [ new initial stem]) ; initial stem 

 conveying the notion of movement in a circle 



The consecutive order of initial stems with reference to a secondary 

 stem depends much on the sort of notions they convey. An initial 

 stem takes its place next to a secondary stem because the notion it 



§ 16 



