BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 807 



§ 21. INSTRUMENTAL PARTICLES 



A set of elements denoting different notions of instrumentality 

 incorporate after initial stems and after secondary stems of the first 

 class. They introduce a causal relation, and render verbs transitive. 

 Their nature and type come out in the illustrations. 



1. -h- is for instrumentality in general. 



liA'skah.A^mw"' he accomplishes an act with the aid of means 

 'pA'nah.A^inw'^ he failed to hit it with what he used 

 JiA'pi'nahA^mw'^ he unloosed it by means of something 

 -A- often gets so far away from its instrumental significance as 

 to be absorbed by a general causal idea, 



Tciwd'moh.cb'w"' he puts them to wild flight (kl- [§ 16]; -d- [§ 19]; 



-dvf' [§ 28]) 

 mane' ciha'w'^ he disgraces him 

 nl'cwihd^w"^ he owns two (animate objects) 

 The instrumental form is frequently -liw- instead of -h-. 

 pl'tahwd^w"^ he buries him (iM- [§16]; -dw" [§ 28]) 

 pd'gulwvd^w'^ he makes him run 

 pdtci'gwdh\yd\i° he pierced him in the eye with something 



2. -ii- refers to the instrumentality of the hand. 



no'^dn^Vnw" he falls short of reaching it with his hand {Am'uf' 



[§28]) 

 pA'nenA^mW^ he failed to hold it with the hand 

 Atd''^penA^m'w^ he takes hold of it with the hand 



The use of -n- is so common that its symbolism gets pretty far from 

 its original meaning. In some instances -n- refers just as 

 much to mechanical means in general as it does to hand. 



nd'ndw'^ he goes to fetch him 

 d'wATid^w"^ he carries him away 

 me'cend^w'^ he catches him 



And in other instances the notion of hand becomes obscure. 

 mdrie'wdnd^w'^ he loves her as a lover 

 tA^pdnd^w'^ he is fond of her as a lover, friend, or relative 

 l^A^ndnd^w"' he talks to her (kAn- [§ 24]) 



3. -sJc- expresses the doing of an act with the foot or leg. 



tA'geskA^mw"^ he kicks it 

 td' geskA^mw^ he touches it with the foot 



pAta'']fetcd'skawd^w°- he spurs him in the side (literally, he pierces 

 him in the side with the foot) 



§21 



