BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 809 



po' in id''w°- he stops doing it (poni- [§ 16]) 

 tanwd'wd'to^w"- he bangs away on it (-o- [§ 37]) 

 IcA'sJcito^'w"' he gets it, he buys it (kAsld- [§ 16]) 



It is not always certain if the symbol stands for a genuine instru- 

 mental. Its causal force is so indefinite at times as to repre- 

 sent no other function than to make an animate verb transitive. 



wd'hATad^w'^ he looks at him (wdhA same as wdpA to look at; 



-dw" [§ 28]) 

 pA^gAvad^w"^ he hits him (j^^g- [§14]; see also examples imder 



-cin- -sen- [§ 20]) 

 mi'^lceTiid^W^ he is occupied with (an animate object). It is the 



idiom for he wooes her, he attends him (in sickness) 



(mtJc- [§ 16]) 



Tlie parallel of the same thing with f and the inanimate would be — 

 wd'hAtA^rnw'^ he looks at it {-a)hw" [§ 28]) 

 pA'gAtA^niw'^ he hits it 

 ntl^'l^etA^mw'^ he is busy with it 



7. -.s'-, -'f-. Another frequent consonant, indicating that the follow- 



ing vowel represents an animate object, is s. In the inani- 

 mate, 't replaces s. 



Jcu'sdw"^ he fears him 



A'sdw"^ he owns something animate 



Tcu'^Amw"- he fears it 



af'idW he has it (-o- [§ 37]; -w« [§ 28]) 



8. -^i-f -t-. It was shown that r^ referred to activity with the hand. 



The reference was clear when the object was animate: as — 



pyd'udw"^ he fetches him (literally, he comes, bringing him with 



the hand [pyd- § 16]) 

 nd'udw"- he goes to fetch him with the hand - 



The instrumental notion of the hand is sometimes lost when the 

 object of the activity is inanimate. In tliat case t replaces n. 



pyd' tow"- he fetches it (-o- [§ 37]) 

 nd'tow"- he goes to fetch it 



Substantival Coftrposltion (§§ 22-24) 



§ 22. CHARACTER OF SUBSTANTIVES 



A pure substantive in the strict sense of the word is wanting in 

 the Algonquian languages, but what is here termed a substantive is 

 only part of that. The composition of a so-called substantive-group 



§22 



