842 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



Tee' y aha' j)^ wvA'ceno'wdte^'^ now, as a matter of fact, it was their 

 intention to be absent 



5. The Potential. — The potential is used to express a possibility. 



nahind' gaJciHc^ he might learn how to sing 

 'pyd'^hd''^ I am likely to come 



The potential subjunctive is used in a verb that stands in the con- 

 clusion of a past condition contrary to fact, while in the protasis 

 stands a verb in the past subjunctive. 



naliind' gdte^' " %te'pihd''s^ had he known how to sing, he would 

 have gone to the place 



6. The negative of the verb in the protasis is pwd'w^, and the nega- 

 tive of the verb in the conclusion is a'wif^. 



pwa'w' naJiind' gdte^'^ a'wit^ Ite'pihd^s"' if he had not known how 

 to sing, he would not have gone to the place 



7. The prohibitive imperative is introduced by Jcdt"-, a negative 

 adverb with the meaning not or do not. 



8. The Imperative. — It was observed how the future independent 

 was used as a mild imperative. There is still another light impera- 

 tive, one that is used in connection with the third person animate. It 

 is almost like a subjunctive (see § 31). The forms of this impera- 

 tive have a passive sense, and are best rendered by some such word 



as LET. 



JPre-pronominal JEleniejit.s (§§ ,36-41) 



§ 36. FORMAL VALUE OF PRE-PRONOMINAL ELEMENTS 



In §§ 20-21 a number of stems have been described which precede 

 the pronouns, and which have in some cases the meaning of a noun, 

 or less clearly defined instrumentality; in others, a classificatory 

 value relating to animate and inanimate objects; while in many 

 cases their significance is quite evanescent. Many of these elements 

 have more or less formal values, and correspond to the voices of the 

 verbs of other languages ; while still others seem to be purely formal 

 in character. For this reason these elements, so far as they are 

 formal in character, will be treated here again. 



§ 37. CAUSAL PARTICLES 



-m- animate, -f- inanimate. (See § 21) 



As has been stated before, these particles sometimes imply that 

 something is done with the voice, but ordinarily they simply 

 §§36, 37 



