846 BUREAU 0¥ AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



d'wdwdpisnHd' when he swung 

 wl'tohdBoyA'n^ if thou shouldst help 

 Tea' 'Ms a" w°' he is in hiding 

 netbw'^ he killed himself 66.8 {-'t- [§ 9]) 

 Iclwd' gwAt'di^w^ it lies on the ground 



Ane'mipugdta,''w^ it floats yon way; it moves away, carried by the 

 water (Anemi- [§ IQ]; -imgo- [§ 19]; -w' [§ 28]) 



The middle voice sometimes represents an animate subject as 

 acting upon itself in an indirect object relation. The action of the 

 verb refers back to the subject in something like a reflexive sense. 

 In this use of the middle voice appears the instrumental particle, and 

 it stands in the place of s. 



lid' qitepdmiCw'^ he washes his own head (with the help of his hand) 



(lcdg-[l 16]; -n-U2\]) 

 lea' site pdho^w"' he wipes his own head (with something) (Jcasl- 



[§ 16]; -/i-[§ 21]) 

 pe'Heco^w^ he accidentally cut himself (with something sharp) 

 (-C- [§ 21]) 

 The subject of a verb in the middle voice is often expressed as if 

 acted upon in a passive sense. 



tAgwa'hdso'w"' he is caught in a trap 



pemi'pugo^w"' he floats by (more literally, he is carried past by 



the water; pemi- pugo- [§§ 16, 19]) 

 Tciyd'mego^w"- he rides about on horseback (literally, he is carried 

 about; H- [§ 16]; -y- a ghde [§ 8]; -o- [§ 19]; -m- [§ 21; also 

 . §8]) 



§ 41. THE PASSIVE VOICE 



The use of the passive voice proper is confined to an agent in the 

 third person. The sign of the passive is g or gu; it occurs between the 

 stem and the final pronominal ending. The sign with pronominal 

 element can be seen in the tables of transitive forms. It is to be 

 observed that the sign occurs more frequently with independent 

 than with dependent forms. 



The Passive with Subject and Object 



A peculiarity of the passive construction is the difference of the 

 form of the animate agent when the action of the verb is directed 

 against the first or second person, and the form of the animate agent 

 when the action is directed against a third person. If the action of 

 the verb be directed against a first or second person, then the agent 



§ 41 



