BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 891 



appear with great frequenc}^ and might be called auxiliaries. To 

 these belong verbs like to cause, to become, and nominal classifiers 

 like RUMINANT. Temporal and modal ideas are almost wholly ren- 

 dered by means of enclitic particles. 



Demonstratives seem to have designated originallv four distinct 

 positions, but these are no longer clearly recognizable. The demon- 

 strative ideas are very closely associated with some verbs with which 

 they enter into composition. 



While in Dakota there is no indication of the existence of a gram- 

 matical distinction of the nominal subject and object, the Ponca 

 differentiates these forms through the use of distinct particles. 



The local relations of nouns are expressed with great nicety by 

 means of post-positions, in which Doctor Swanton finds the ideas of 

 rest and motion clearly and sharply distinguished. 



Adverbs of various kinds, and a few special adjectival ideas, are 

 expressed by means of suffixes. 



DISCUSSION OF GRAMMAR (sS^ 7-47) 



Juxtaposition and Composition: Santee (§§ 7-10) 



§ 7. Verbs 



In the Dakota sentence the component eliements are often placed side 

 by side without any connective elements, but so closely connected that 

 two successive elements infiuence each other phonetically. Composi- 

 tions of this type appear with great frequency when a number of predi- 

 cative terms enter into combination. Whenever an element of such 

 a series, that is followed by another element, ends in the vowel a, 

 preceded b}^ one of the consonants j), t, c, Z', g, 5, 2, contraction (see 

 § 4, no. 6) takes place. 



snayell yumden iyeya it snapped and liroke suddenl}- IX ^ 88.9 

 {sna ringing sound; yumde'ca to break to pieces; lyey<( to do 

 suddenly) 



waked ti he lived and was rich IX 95.1 (wase'ca rich) 



ihplhnag u he came putting them in his blanket IX 88.14 {Ikpi'- 

 hnaka to put in blanket) 



■ikpllinag ii^ it was in the blanket IX 88.26 



wa^yag nazi^ to stand and see {wa'^ya'l'a to see) 



1 These references indicate page and line in Vol. IX of the Contributions to North American 

 Ethnology. 



