BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 895 



ra' sizE-na' nJiSEnA^ he breaks it with the mouth, sitting- {ra- with 

 MOUTH, sis TO BREAK, tia' nksEnA^ HE IS SITTING, onlj in com- 

 pounds) 



rmisje'iiA^ he breaks it with the mouth, standing {jenA'^ he is 

 STANDING, onl}^ in compounds) 



ra! sizal nhsEnaP' he breaks it with the mouth, lying or walking 

 (from iva'nkcEnA'^ he is lying, walking, only in compounds) 



Similar forms are not quite absent in other dialects, but they are 

 much less developed. In Dakota we have, for instance, 



ta wa^ha to be dead IX 111.19 



ya wa'^ka he went (literally, going he reclined) IX 110.1 



ia ha^ to speak (literally, speaking to stand) 



wmva'^yaka TiaP' en i looking on standing in he came IX 86.12 



iyeliya yanka it is shining (literally, shining he sits)^ 



§ 11. Reduplication 



Reduplication in Dakota consists essentially in the doubling of the 

 principal theme of a word. In the process, all monosyllabic words 

 ending in a vowel, pure or nasalized, are doubled. 



te tete' blue 



hu hxibu' to make a noise 



]pe pepe' prickly, jagged 



do dodo' soft, damp 



(ji §{gi' brown 



gu (fugu' to burn 



Ha Ualia' curling 



zo zozo' to whistle 



hu kuhu' made of bone 



ko ko'ko quick 



pa (Santee) papa' (Teton) to bark 



Vfi Vfi'v.0 foggy 



(w) soso' to cut into strings 



- ka^ka''^ uneven 

 i?«" pa''^])a^ to yell 



- pd^po'"^ rotten 



mdtL mdumdu' pulverized 



Kbti UhuTibu' to make a crunching noise 



{sta) stasia' weak, brittle 



iThe form han has been classed by Dorsey with the articles (IX, p. 25, footnote), ^Yhile Swanton 

 classes it as a continuative suffix, because it occurs not only with verbs, as stated before, but also 

 after other parts of speech, especially after demonstratives; as, e'han then, tohan' when. These uses, 

 however, agree with the use of articles.— F. Boas. 



§11 



