BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 897 



hiiu''^za hmuP'hmu''^sa slimj 



ksa'pa hsaksa' pa wise 



sko'pa skosho'pa crooked 



An exception to this rule is — 



{ya)snia'ka {ya)8ina'gsmd^ha to indent (with 



teeth) 



When the consonant of the second syllable is a dental or atl'ricative 

 {t or c) and the first consonant a sibilant (s, .s, 2, s), the dental or affric- 

 ative is transformed into a k {(/). 



so'ta sokso'ta clear 



f<uta' HuJisu'ta hard 



zata zagza'ta forked 



slza kihsi'za bad 



{wa'^zl' one ina'^zi'gzl some) 



In compounds, only the stem is reduplicated; prefixes and suffixes 

 remain unaffected. 



.s''^'« in sight Imsl'^ Z-a^'/V/'^ to appear in sight 



iiulit pulverized aho nula aho'mdunida to bubble up («- 



on; ho- by blowing) 

 (JK to burn agii agn'gu to burn out something 



hde to plan i'clyaJide I'ciyahdehde to reach one to 



another 

 sa red al'dem ai'desasa in the red flames 



{a- on ; Ide to blaze) 

 to'^ to give forth aho'toHd^ to cry out {Jio voice) 



{pta"^) to roll po'pta^pta^ to shake head {[pd] 



head) 



The following examples illustrate the use of reduplication of words 

 with suffixes: 



to'keca tokto'heca different 



yuJcta'H'iya yul'ta'H'taH-lya to cause to bend 



yuptaf'^ya'^ yupta''^pta'^y((^ to roll over 



It would seem that in u limited number of cases the component 

 elements have lost their independence — both the reduplicated stem and 

 the prefix. Instances of stems that do not seem to occur alone Avill be 

 found in the preceding list. The following cases illustrate the occur- 

 rence of prefixed elements that have apparently now no independent 

 meaning: 



ho' ska koska'skapi youth 



{ni''^{ja giif'^gaga proud 



I4STT°— r>nll. 40. i»l 1—10 57 



