898 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



sdoha''^ sdohcif'^ha'^ to crawl 



thitka! tMtka'tJca slushy 



Reduplicated numerals show very clearly these principles of redu- 

 plication : 



loO^zi' one wa^zi'gzi a few 



ya'mnl three ya' innimni by threes 



sa'^^a^'five za'pta^pta"^ by fives 



sa'kpe six sa'hpepe by sixes 



sako'wi^ seven sako'wi^wi^ by sevens 



sakdo'ga'^ eight sakdo'Moga^ by eights 



napci'Hva^ka nine napzf'^wa'^gwaPka by nines 



wikte'mna ten wikte' mnamna by tens 



In Ponca, monosyllabic words ending in a vowel, pure or nasal- 

 ized, are doubled: 



saHaP'' always 207.10 

 sna^'sna'^ level 25.3 

 li(^eU4e spotted 315.11 

 4a'^'(^a'^ each time 264.12 

 huhu' fish 280.8 



Apparently most stems ending in a consonant are reduplicated 

 without the terminal consonant: 

 hihti' hut' a^ blowing on 260.15 

 uia'^u^ude he bit holes in them 267.7 

 pu' pulidlic' i drawn up much 282.16 

 gagigige coiled up 282.16 [gagigije 320.3) 

 u4u'¥ihehehe one after another 307.9 

 a'^' sa'^sa^dema'^' shake me repeatedly 310.3 

 jijinga little ones 

 wasi'sige active 9.14 

 TiiJiige to crush often 20.3 

 hic'ic'i'je to break in by pressing 20.4 

 na'^jdjaje kicking out with the legs 24.1 

 7idgigi4a made people afraid to carr}^ 756.5 

 vMkekega sick ones {tvakega sick) 



Since the suffixes of Ponca are not well known to me, it is quite 

 likely that some of these stems may be monosyllabic. We find also 

 examples of reduplication, including the terminal stem-consonant. 

 wd^ab^aze 267.6 ivd4ab4dh^aze 267.13 



