boas] handbook of AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 903 



7. yu- to accomplish by any means, but more especially by handling. 

 yu'za she took hold 

 yuii^'hapi they pulled him down 

 yuhci he had him 

 ayu'sta^ she let him alone 

 yuzu'zu he pulled apart 

 ciyib'ta I choke you to death 



Most of these have come to have uses varying considerably from the 

 significations given above, which seem to be the original meanings. 



In Ponca have been found nine instrumental prefixes, all of which 

 form transitive verbs, like the analogous Dakota prefixes: 



1. tia"- (Santee na-) by pressing with the foot. 



na^hd he kicked 314.16 

 wana'^'t'e stepping on them 235.19 

 vjana'^'MMge crushing them with the foot 235.19 

 naHndha he slipped in walking 97.1-1: 

 iia'^gdge to make cry by kicking 96.11 



2. 7¥ia- (Santee ha-) by cutting. 



nia'sa he cuts head off 11.1 



weviahidzai-ga rend it for us with a knife 76.6 



umdsnai-ga split it with a knife 318.14 



3. mu- (Santee ho-) by shooting. 



inuiinge to exterminate by shooting 628.6 

 uTmUfa to remain from shooting 399. 14 



4. ha- (Santee pa-) by pressing with the hand. 



ha^nil he pushed along 318.3 



halila^d he pushed down 80.14 



uhdsna'^ to push (a tail) into (a tree) 75.8 



has'ibe he forced a way out 369.13 



hahi^eia he pushed it away 331.3 



hafut'^a^ to make straight by pushing 234.14 



5. ga- (Santee l-a-) by striking (and by action of wind and water). 



gate to die by falling 163.9 



ugdsne he split by hitting 81.18 



ugdFiha he made a crack by hitting 81.12 



gasd^u to strike a rattle 315.10 



gasnu wind blows 324.7 



ga7nu to empty by pouring out 17.11 



gap ilk' i to make sound by hitting 266.10 



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