BOA.sJ HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 905 



5. gi- (Santee ha-, Ponca ga-) by striking. 

 gl'sls to break by strikino- 

 gisa'h to kill by striking. 

 gicgi's he cuts by striking 



6. i'ff- (Santee ya-, Ponca ^c^-) with mouth. 



rasls he breaks with the mouth 



racgis he cuts with the mouth 



rasja^' he accomplishes with tlie mouth (he sings). 



7. ra- (Santee — , Ponca 4^-) by pulling. 

 ru's/s he breaks by pulling 

 ruga'.s he tears by pulling 



8. da- (Santee — , Ponca na-) by heat. 

 dose' pi to blacken b}^ heat 

 dafe'h7^ to wither by heat 



The pronominal forms of all these prefixes show certain peculiar- 

 ities, which will be treated in § 32. 



§ 14. Modal JPrefixes: Teton 



Two elements may be mentioned here which are difficult to classify. 

 The one (1) might seem to be better classed as a proclitic particle, 

 while the other (2) is closely related to syntactic forms of the verb that 

 will be found treated on p. 909. ' 



1. hV*' indicates that an event happened suddenh^, as — 



TiHipa' yapi they dropped it at once 

 Jii^na'pa he came out quickh^ 

 hi^gAld' it became suddenly 

 fd^ha'^'nl early in the morning 

 hi^'ya'^ha po now wait ye! 



2. tva-. Verbs, especiall}^ when used with other verbs, sometimes take 



on a passive or infinitive form by prefixing tra-. It is probable 

 that this prefix is equivalent to something or thing. 



Thus we have — 



ivaya'tapi ¥ta you will have something (just referred to) to eat 

 tahu' aka'nl nalita'g waci^' what he wanted was to kick on her neck 

 ' ' mi' ye " fol'e'ya wana'gi ' ' vxie'm iye'cigAna'M'^ k' te " ey((' the ghost 



said, "You will have something put down for me first" 

 u'lnw fiAlolxi^' wata'kpe Kiya'ya the other went slipping along 



Often this is used in the formation of nouns and adjectives, as — 



toaste' good, beautiful (from ste to esteem highl}") 

 waki^'yaP' the thunders (from ki'^'ya'^ to fly) 



§ H 



