908 • BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY • [bum-. 40 



kaviAda'sa to make ))uivst by throwing down 



ici'td^za she determined for herself 



akalu'syela caused to flow out rapidly (from akaluza) 



caHe' ti'^'za brave heart 



naici'hAleza po stir yourselves by running 



e' u^y^ Mu^zapi you forget us 



pesAni'za a flash of fire {ivom. pe'ta fire; SAui'za dried up) 



oi'gAluMi'za he tucked it around himself (from Idi'za bent) 



waJca^'yeza children 



Tiaksl'za to bend up by striking (from kkl'za bent) 



ha'^he'za poor, distressed (from l-aP- aged?) 



hata'za to make waves as the wind does (from ta'za rough water)* 



Personal Pronouns in Dakota (§§ 16-20) 

 § Id. Suhjective and Objective Pronouns 



The development of the personal pronoun in the Siouan language 

 is very weak. Distinct pronominal forms occur only for i, thou, 

 THOU AND 1. The first person is designated ])y a labial sound, the sec- 

 ond person by a dental, and the inclusive by a nasalized vowel. 



Subjective pronouns, which designate the subject of an activit}^, are 

 differentiated from objective pronouns, which express the object of 

 an action or the subject of a condition or state. In Santee these forms 

 are — 



1st person 

 2d person 

 Inclusive 



There is no pronoun of the third person. The plural object of the 

 transitive verb is expressed by vu'ca. This term, however, is not a 

 pronoun, but signifies person, as is evidenced by the occurrence of 

 the terms <rica male, human being, and wicasa man. The plurality 

 of the pronoun is expressed by the suffix (or enclitic) />/, which will 

 be discussed in § 39. Added to the inclusive, this element forms- the 

 inclusive and exclusive first person plural. 



1 This attempt to reduce tlie bisy liable words of Sioux to compounds of two monosyllabic elements, 

 each ending with a vowel, does not seem to me quite successful. The unity of idea claimed for the 

 groups in -ka, -ta, etc., is not convincing. It seems to me more plausible that we are dealing here 

 with stems ending in a consonant which are amplified by the terminal vowel a, so that the so-called 

 contracted forms are rather the stems. There is good evidence that -ka is a suffix of very weak 

 meaning, since many words occur with and without it. I doubt, however, if this element occurs in 

 tan'ka, yan'ka, tjun'ka. — F. Boas. 



§16 



