928 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



§ 35. Independent Personal Pronouns 



The independent personal pronoun is derived from the objective 

 forms of the pronoun. In Teton we find — 



mi' ye I 



ni'ye thou 



i'ye he 



u^l'i'ye thou and 1 



The sufiix -jyi is added to express the pkiral. It stands either with 

 the pronoun or with some following word. Emphatic pronouns are 

 formed with the ending s (see § 41) : nds, nis, is, and u'^kl's or u^M'yes. 

 The independent personal pronouns in Ponca are: 



wi I 736.3, 715.5 

 ^ahou 711.18 

 anyii \nq 



Position of Pronoun (§§ 36, 37) 

 § 36. Position of Pronoun in, Dakota 



Ordinarily the pronouns are prefixed to the stem, other etymological 

 prefixes preceding the pronouns; but there are a number of cases in 

 which the pronoun precedes other prefixes. A number of verbs of 

 more than one syllable that can not be reduced to compounds of an 

 etymological prefix and a monosyllabic stem place the pronoun after 

 the first syllable, so that it appears as a true infix. 



According to Riggs's Grammar and the material contained in his 

 dictionary and texts, the following groups of forms may be distin- 

 guished: 



1. In monosyllabic words the pronouns are always prefixed. Ex- 

 amples of this class have been given before (§ 16). 



2. Verbs of more than one syllable, that can not be shown to be 

 compounds, prefix or infix the pronoun, the position being determined 

 to a certain extent by the initial sound of the word. 



Verbs beginning with I or h prefix the pronoun: 



TETON EXAMPLES 



laka to consider in a certain walahi I consider 



way 

 lovxi'^ to sing walovm'^ I sing 



Jcaga to make yakaga thou makest 



§§ 35, 30 



